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  3. Synthesis of molecular template polymer for solid phase extraction of mercury using diethyldithiocarbamate ligand

Synthesis of molecular template polymer for solid phase extraction of mercury using diethyldithiocarbamate ligand

Number of pages: 84 File Format: word File Code: 31872
Year: 2014 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering
Tags/Keywords: Chloroform - Diethyl dithiocarbamate ligand - Functional monomer - Isobutyronitrile - Molecular template - Molecular template polymer - Phenyl mercuric chloride - Polymer synthesis - The solid phase of mercury
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  • Summary of Synthesis of molecular template polymer for solid phase extraction of mercury using diethyldithiocarbamate ligand

    Master's thesis in the field of chemistry

    Analytical chemistry trend

    Abstract

    In this project, a molecular template polymer was prepared for the selective extraction of phenylmercury chloride. To prepare this polymer, methacrylic acid (active monomer), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (cross-linking agent), 2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile (initiator), phenylmercury chloride (target molecule) and chloroform (solvent) were used. Polymerization raw materials are placed in capillary tubes. After applying the heat treatment, the capillary tube is finally thrown into the hydrofluoric acid so that the glass is eaten and the fiber comes out. The result of radical polymerization is the formation of non-covalent molecular template polymer (MIP) tubular fiber. Due to the presence of non-covalent interactions between the target molecule and the functional monomer, the target molecule is removed by washing and the molded polymer is obtained.

    In order to compare the efficiency of this polymer, another polymer was also made with the same method and the same raw materials (NIP polymer monitor), with the only difference that the new polymer does not have the target molecule in its structure. The spectra of both synthesized polymers were investigated through FT-IR spectroscopy, both polymers have structural similarities, and the presence of holes in the molecular template polymer can be explained by comparing the two spectra. The synthesized molecular template polymer was compared with the control polymer. The properties of the molecular template polymer, the bond formation ability and the selectivity property of the desired polymer were investigated.  Also, in order to optimize the absorption conditions, various parameters such as pH, absorption time, temperature and salt concentration were investigated.  

    Key words: molecular mold polymer, phenylmercury chloride

    Chapter one:

    Mercury typology and its use in industry and causing diseases

    1-1.        Definition of typology

     

    Typology [1] is a word borrowed from biological sciences and has become a concept in analytical chemistry, and it expresses the special chemical form of an element that must be investigated individually.

    The reason for emphasizing typology is that the characteristics of a species of an element may have such a strong impact on leave living systems (even in very small amounts) that the determination of the total concentration of the element will have little value compared to the determination of the concentration of the desired species.

    Important examples of this type are mercury and tin, the mineral species of these elements are much safer than their organic forms.

    Undoubtedly, analytical chemists are forced to typology of elements and should look for methods that provide quantitative and qualitative information in

    Before defining the elemental typology and species, it is better to first give historical information about how this branch of decomposition chemistry appeared.

    Decomposition chemistry emerged as a science from the beginning of the 19th century. The most important stage of that is the publication of a book by William Steward[2] called Scientific Basis of Analytical Chemistry [3] in 1884. The phrase "trace material analysis" [4] goes back to the 20th century and the recognition of the fact that there are many elements whose concentration measurement in very small amounts is very important. During the last decades, all efforts have been focused on measuring the concentration of elements in very small amounts, and scientists have developed new methods to increase sensitivity.

    It was only from the 1960s onwards that questions about the different chemical species of minor elements and the need for chemical methods to measure them spread. They are focused.

    1-1-2.Definition of elemental typology and exclusion

    Iopak [5] has defined elemental typology as follows:

    Chemical species: a special form of an element that can include an isotope, an oxidation state or electron, complex or molecular structure.

    Typology analysis: [6] Decomposition activities that are carried out to identify and measure the quantity of some individual chemical species in the sample.

    Specology of an element: distribution of an element among specific chemical species in a system.

    When elemental typology is not possible, the term except separation [7] is used, which is defined as follows:

    process Classification of an analyte or a group of analytes from a specific sample according to physical properties (size and solubility) or chemical properties (for example, properties of bond formation or reactivity)

    According to Iopak, it is often not possible to determine the concentration of different species that make up the total concentration of an element.

    For example, these changes can occur with changes in pH during measurements that cause a shift in the balance between species.

    1-2. Problems that exist in the way of typology

    While the motivation for element typology is increasing, it is becoming more and more clear that we are facing many problems in this work.

    The main questions we face are:

    What is the species we want to measure?

    How should we store the species?

    How can we identify trace amounts of the desired species?

    How can we calibrate these species when many of them are not commercially available?

    How can we prove the validity of our method?

    Recent advances in increasing the sensitivity of analytical devices have played a decisive role in the development of typology.

     

    Abstrac :

    In this work a molecular imprinted polymer was synthesized for selective extraction of phenyl mercuric chloride. These imprinted polymers were synthesized by using methacrylic acid (functional monomer), ethylene glycol di-methacrylate (crosslinker), 2, 2-azo bis (2-methylpropionitrile) (initiator), phenyl mercuric chloride (target molecules) and chloroform (solvent). Polymerization agents are placed in a capillary tube for the preparation of a monolithic polymer. Then the template molecule is removed by a methanolic solution. To compare the performance of these polymers, another polymer was prepared by the same method, only with the absence of template molecule (NIP polymer observer). Synthesized polymers were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy. Effective parameters in adsorption such as pH, adsorption time, temperature and salt concentration were investigated.

  • Contents & References of Synthesis of molecular template polymer for solid phase extraction of mercury using diethyldithiocarbamate ligand

    List:

    Abstract .. L

    Chapter One: Typology of mercury and its use in industry and causing disease. 1

    1-1-Definition of typology.. 2

    1-1-2-Definition of elemental typology. 3

    1-2- Problems that exist on the way of typology. 4

    1-3- Typology strategy.. 5

    1-4- Mercury and the importance of its measurement.. 6

    1-5- History of mercury.. 7

    1-6- Properties of mercury.. 7

    1-6-1- Properties of mercury compounds.. 8

    1-7- Expansion of mercury applications.. 10

    1-7-1- Dispersion of mercury in the environment. 10

    1-8- Diseases caused by exposure to mercury. 11

    1-9- The effect of mercury on health.. 12

    1-10- Mercury in food.. 13

    1-11- The effect of mercury on animals.. 14

    1-12- Physiological effects of mercury.. 15

    1-13- Industrial and non-industrial applications of mercury. 16

    1-14- preparation of mercury (stages of mercury typology). 17

    1-14-1- Isolation of mercury compounds (mercury taxonomy). 17

    1-14-1-1- Soil and sediment samples.. 18

    1-14-1-2- Biological samples.. 19

    1-15- Main problems in mercury typology. 19

    1-16- Review of past researches in mercury typology. 20

    Chapter Two: Solid phase microextraction using molecular mold polymer adsorbent. 22

    Introduction .. 23

    2-1 Extraction .. 23

    2-1-1 Solvent properties .. 24

    2-2 Solvent extraction .. 25

    2-3 Solid phase extraction (SPE) .. 25

    2-4 phase microextraction solid (SPME) 26

    2-4-1 Advantages of solid phase microextraction. 27

    2-4-2 parameters to optimize microextraction with solid phase. 28

    2-4-3 factors affecting the amount of absorbed material. 29

    2-4-4 types of sampling methods .. 29

    2-4-5 selection of extraction method .. 30

    2-4-6 Disadvantages of micro-extraction with solid phase . 30

    2-4-7 types of fibers .. 30

    2-4-8 types of mixing methods in solid phase microextraction. 32

    2-4-9 factors affecting microextraction with solid phase. 33

    2-4-10 applications of microextraction with solid phase. 33

    2-5 SPME syringe .. 34

    2-6 Review of past SPME research     . 35

    2-7 types of solid phases .. 38

    2-7-1 carbon (graphite) .. 38

    2-7-2 silica gel     .. 38

    2-7-3 polymer absorbent     .. 39

    2-8 Introduction to polymer and polymerization     . 39

    2-8-1 What is a polymer?   .. 39

    2-8-2 types of structural polymers .. 39

    2-8-3 Bispars are divided into two categories in terms of effectiveness against heat. 40

    2-8-4 types of polymers according to the source of preparation. 40

    2-8-5 types of polymerization methods. 40

    2-8-5-1 Addition polymerization .. 40

    2-8-5-2 Condensation polymerization .. 41

    2-9 Molecular template polymers .. 41

    2-9-1 Advantages of molecular template polymers . 42

    2-9-2 Components of a molecular template polymer. 42

    2-9-2-1 functional monomer .. 44

    2-9-2-2 target molecule (template) .. 46

    2-9-2-3 cross-linking agent     .. 46

    2-9-2-4 solvent  .. 48

    2-9-3 types of molecular template polymers. 49

    2-10 covalent molecular template polymer. 50

    2-10-1 Advantages of covalent molecular template polymers. 50

    2-10-2 Disadvantages of covalent molecular template polymers. 50

    2-11 Semicovalent molecular template polymers. 51

    2-12 Non-covalent molecular template polymers. 51

    2-12-1 Steps in the synthesis of molecular mold polymer. 51

    2-12-2 Reasons why the non-covalent method is used more. 51

    2-13 methods of preparing molecular template polymer. 52

    2-13-1 Bulk polymerization .. 52

    2-13-2 Sediment polymerization method. 52

    2-13-3 Polymerization with multi-stage swelling. 53

    2-13-4 suspension polymerization. 53

    2-13-5 grafting method .. 53

    2-14 application of molecular template polymers. 53

    2-14-1 Application of molecular template polymers for solid phase microextraction (SPME)   54

    2-15-1 Application of molecular template polymers in sensors. 54

    2-15-2 Application of molecular template polymers in membrane. 54

    2-15-3 Application of molecular template polymers in catalysts. 55

    2-15-4 Application of molecular template polymers in chromatography. 55

    The third chapter: Experimental studies. 57

    3-1 Consumables. 58

    3-2 Vari device. 58

    3-2-1 Ultrasonic. 58

    3-2-2 pH meter. 58

    3-2-3 Ben Marie. 58

    3-2-4 Gas chromatography GC. 58

    3-2-5 ovens. 59

    3-2-6 Magnetic stirrer (heater). 59

    3-2-7 SPME syringe. 59

    3-2-8 device (IR). 60

    3-3 Preparation of molecular mold polymer 55. 60

    3-3-1 selection of agents. 60

    3-3-1-1 Analyte or sample. 60

    3-3-1-2 appropriate functional monomer. 60

    3-3-1-3 transverse connecting agent. 61

    3-3-1-4 suitable solvent. 61

    3-3-1-5 starters. 62

    3-3-2 The synthesis method of molecular template polymer. 62

    3-4 Optimizing the adsorption conditions of mercury chloride in the microextraction method with molecular template polymer. 63

    3-4-1 Determining the maximum absorption wavelength. 63

    3-4-2 Checking the effect of salt. 64

    3-4-3 Investigating the effect of time. 64

    3-4-4 Effect of solution pH on polymer absorption. 65

    3-4-5 identification of phenylmercury chloride by GC device. 66

    3-4-5-1 GC device temperature program for phthalates. 66

    Chapter Four: Discussion and Conclusion. 67

    4-1 Synthesis of molecular template polymer and control polymer. 68

    4-1-1 Molecular template polymer polymerization. 68

    4-1-2 Mechanism of molecular template polymer synthesis. 70

    4-1-3 FT-IR spectra of MIP and NIP polymer. 71

    4-2 Optimizing the adsorption conditions of phenylmercury chloride by molecular template polymer. 72

    4-2-1 The effect of salt on the absorption of phenylmercury chloride. 72

    4-2-2 The effect of time on the absorption of phenylmercuric chloride. 73

    4-2-3 effect of solution pH on polymer absorption. 74

    4-2-4 Identification of phenylmercury chloride by GC device. 75

    Summary. 77

    Appendix. 78

    Appendix 1; FT-IR spectrum of NIP, in the range of 400-4000 cm-1 by KBr tablet method. 78

    Appendix 2; FT-IR spectrum of MIP, in the range of 400-4000 cm-1 by KBr tablet method. 79

    Appendix 3; GC spectrum for a 10 PPM solution of phenylmercuric chloride. 80

    Appendix 4; GC spectrum for a 40 PPM solution of phenylmercuric chloride. 81

    Appendix 5; GC spectrum for a 100 PPM solution of phenylmercuric chloride. 81

    Appendix 6; TEM image of NIP, 84

    Appendix 7; TEM image of MIP, 85

    Resources. 86

    English abstract. 91

                                                    Source:

    Liang, L. Horvat, M., Bloom, N.S.", An improved speciation method for mercury by GC/CVAFS after aqueous phase ethylation and room temperature precollection," Talanta, (1994), 41, 371-379

    Liang, L. Horvat, M., Bloom, N.S.", Simultaneous determination of mercury speciation in biological materials by GC/CVAFS after ethylation and room-temperature precollection," Clinical chemistry, (1994), 53, 111-116

    Slaets, S,. Adams. Capelli, R., Quevauviller, P., "Microcolumn preconcentration and gas chromatography-microwave induced plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (GC-MIP-AES) for mercury speciation in waters," Analytical Bioanalytical Chemistry, (1995), 351, 456-460

    Jackson, B., Taylor, V., Arthur Baker, R., Miller, E., "Low-Level Mercury Speciation in Freshwaters by Isotope Dilution GC-ICP-MS,"(2009),43,2463-2469

     

    Rodriguez I. Pereiro, D?az, Carro A.

Synthesis of molecular template polymer for solid phase extraction of mercury using diethyldithiocarbamate ligand
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