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  3. Investigating the healing power of lavender Lavandula angustifolia and measuring lead and cadmium in the leaves and roots of the plant

Investigating the healing power of lavender Lavandula angustifolia and measuring lead and cadmium in the leaves and roots of the plant

Number of pages: 103 File Format: word File Code: 31867
Year: 2014 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Biology - Environment
Tags/Keywords: Biomass - cadmium - Environment - heavy metals - lavender - Lead measurement - living mass - plant treatment - soil pollution
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  • Summary of Investigating the healing power of lavender Lavandula angustifolia and measuring lead and cadmium in the leaves and roots of the plant

    Dissertation for Master's Degree ((M.SC))

    Trend: Chemistry and Essential Oil Technology

    Persian Summary

    Introduction: Soil pollution with heavy metals is an important issue that these toxic elements can be transferred in the terrestrial ecosystem and a potential risk to food quality and health, the environment have life Soil pollution with heavy toxic metals has increased significantly over the past few years. Plant remediation technology includes the extraction of metals, especially heavy toxic metals, by plant roots and finally transferring them to branches and stems in order to remove pollutants from the soil. This study was conducted in order to determine the effect of lavender plant with the scientific name Lavandula angustifolia for extracting heavy metals and improving polluted soil in different conditions. Materials and methods: Soil, roots and leaves of 30 lavender plants of the same age that were contaminated with lead and cadmium were evaluated. The contents of lead and cadmium heavy metals in the soil, plant roots and plant leaves were detected at time intervals of 60, 40, 20, 10, 0 days by wet digestion method and using flame atomic absorption device in the research laboratory of the University of Pharmaceutical Sciences Unit.

    Discussion and conclusion: According to the obtained results, lavender plant has a high phytoremediation power in absorbing lead and cadmium heavy metals. The best results of different samples for lead and cadmium absorption in soil were pH=3.6. The results of this research showed that there is a significant difference in the absorption power of lead and cadmium between the first 10 days and the 60th day. So that in the first 10 days, lead and cadmium in the soil are 76.4329, 6.8921, respectively, and in the roots, respectively, 21.7541, 4444.2, in young leaves, 31.0098, 1.2188, and in old leaves, 29.8634, 0.3471. On the 60th day, it is 30/3431, 3/0019 in soil, 43/2311, 3/7891 in roots, 75/3981, 7/1291 in young leaves, and 59/7778, 2/5547 in old leaves. (number unit mg/kgDW) which shows that the absorption power of lead and cadmium in the plant is increasing. This technology could provide a low-cost means of controlling widespread environmental pollution. According to the obtained results, this species is able to absorb high amounts of lead and cadmium pollutants in a relatively short time.

    Key words: phytoremediation, heavy metals, lavender, environment, soil pollution.

    Introduction

    Plant treatment is a new technology that is used to collect heavy metals from the soil of swamps and even wetlands. Phytoremediation offers an economically viable method for soil erosion experiments and tillage practices. Continual accumulation of heavy metals in the product of plants is effective by modifying their soil, which is a suitable initiative in high amounts of biomass of heavy metals in soils.

    Plant remediation using green plant engineering including grass and woody species is used to remove pollutants from water and soil or reduce the risks of environmental pollutants such as heavy metals, rare elements, organic compounds and radioactive substances. The most important polluting mineral compounds are heavy metals and soil microorganisms are able to decompose organic pollutants, but for microbial decomposition of metals, there is a need for organicization with their metal changes, which today plants are used for this sector.

    Unnecessary heavy metals include arsenic, antimony, cadmium, mercury, and lead, which are very important in relation to soil and surface water pollution and are of interest to science. plant remediation.

    Plants have 3 basic strategies to grow in soils contaminated with heavy metals. Species that prevent metals from entering their aerial parts or keep the concentration of metals low in the soil, species that accumulate metals in their aerial parts and return them to the soil, and plants that can concentrate metals in their aerial parts so that they are several times the metal concentration in the soil, and plants that absorb a high concentration of pollutants and concentrate them in their roots, stems or leaves.

    Plant remediation is one of the new approaches in agricultural sciences, which is related to the cleaning of soils contaminated with polluting elements such as heavy metals, petroleum substances, etc.

    Since it has been determined during many researches that essential oil plants have the ability to absorb heavy metals from the soil on the one hand, and on the other hand these heavy metals do not enter their essential oils, these plants can be used to produce economic products in polluted lands and there are no health concerns in this field.

    According to the above, in recent years medicinal plants, In particular, essential plants such as the mint family Lamiaceae and the umbrella family Apiaceae are considered as important herbal treatment options in the world.

    Lavender with the scientific name Lavandula angustifolia belongs to the Lamiaceae family.

    Various species of lavender are perennial woody plants. So far, about 48 species of Astu Khodus have been identified. Lavender is grown in most parts of the world, especially in southern France, the Mediterranean region, and there is a lot in Toronto, and it appears in different types depending on the environment and soil conditions.

    Lavender is a perennial plant with a height of about half a meter with opposite leaves, narrow, long, green and covered with white cotton hairs. Its flowers are purple and spike-shaped. The used part of this plant is its flowers and flowering branches. Lavender has a very pleasant smell. Its taste is bitter and it is used in perfumery due to its pleasant smell. style="direction: rtl;"> 

    Chapter One

    Overview

     

     
     

     

     

    1-1. The purpose of the thesis

    With the increase in the industrialization of countries, especially the third world countries that are industrializing, the increase in industrial pollutants and environmental pollution is one of the biggest problems facing humans and a threat to human health today and future generations. Among these chemical pollutants are cadmium and lead, which occur in various ways, including industrial wastewater, mining operations, metal smelting, and also with the increase of motor vehicles in the society, resulting in air pollution and, of course, soil pollution and then environmental pollution. The presence and accumulation of these heavy elements in the human body causes various diseases, including various cancers, which are very common in human societies today. Biological treatment of soil is both very costly and causes the destruction of the biological composition of the soil. For this purpose, nowadays, the method of phytoremediation of soil, which is a very safe and useful method, is used to purify the soil from heavy elements. Considering that the power of phytoremediation of lavender plant has not been investigated, the necessity of this research was seen.

    1-2. Statement of the problem

    Cadmium and lead are classified as heavy metals that are added to the soil from various sources, especially the use of high-concentration phosphorus fertilizers, industrial wastewater, mining operations, metal smelting and parent materials, and cause environmental pollution. (42,10)

    Phytoremediation is an effective, economical and environmentally friendly method to purify contaminated soils. Phytoremediation is an expanding technology that started its practical aspects all over the world 10 years ago, and it includes the purification of organic and inorganic pollution and radioactive materials. This sustainable and inexpensive technique quickly became popular as an alternative solution to traditional purification methods. (3,39) In most of the contaminated sites, there are herbaceous and resistant plant species, and purification by them and other non-edible species, especially ornamental species, is a safe method of biological purification due to the fact that they do not enter the food chain network.

  • Contents & References of Investigating the healing power of lavender Lavandula angustifolia and measuring lead and cadmium in the leaves and roots of the plant

    List:

    Introduction.. 3

     

    Chapter One: General

    1-1. The purpose of doing the thesis.. 6

    1-2. Statement of the problem.. 6

    1-3. The necessity and importance of the subject.. 8

    1-4. The main goal.. 11

    Chapter Two: Review of past texts

    Part One: Lavender plant and its types

    2-1-1. Lavender.. 14

    2-1-2. The history of lavender. 14

    2-1-3. Medicinal use of lavender. 15

    2-1-4. Lavender Lavendula angustifolia. 16

    2-1-4-1. Morphological characteristics of lavender. 16

    2-1-4-2. weather conditions.. 17

    2-1-4-3. Soil conditions and planting stage. 17

    2-1-4-4. Cultivation and propagation.. 19

    2-1-4-5. Chemical composition.. 20

    2-1-4-6. Specifications of essential oil.. 21

    2-1-4-7. Components of essential oil. 21

    2-1-4-8. Therapeutic properties.. 22

    2-1-4-9. Pharmacological works.. 24

    Part II: Herbal treatment and its types

    2-2-1. Environmental pollution.. 26

    2-2-2. Techniques for eliminating heavy metal pollution. 29

    2-2-3. Plant treatment.. 30

    2-2-4. History of plant treatment.. 30

    2-2-5. Plant purifiers.. 31

    2-2-6. Plant treatment technologies. 31

    2-2-6-1. Rhyzofiltration .. 32

    2-2-6-2Phytostabilization .. 33

    2-2-6-3Phytovolatilization .. 34

    2-2-6-4Phytoextraction .. 36

    2-2-6-5Phytodegration .. 37

    2-2-7. Bioremediation plants. 38

    The third part: Metals

    2-3-1. Heavy metals.. 41

    2-3-2. Absorption.. 41

    2-3-3. Distribution and accumulation.. 43

    2-3-4. Disposal.. 43

    2-3-5. Mechanism of effect.. 45

    2-3-6. Factors affecting toxicity. 47

    Fourth section: lead

    2-4-1. Introduction.. 52

    2-4-2. Effects.. 55

    2-4-3. Biological monitoring.. 66

    Part five: Cadmium

    2-5-1. Introduction and effects.. 70

    2-5-2. Biological monitoring.. 72

    Part six: Studies of others

    2-6-1. Review of studies conducted in the field of absorption of heavy metals by plants. 75

    Chapter Three: Materials and Methods

    Part One: Principles and Basics of Work

    3-1-1. History and comparison of methods. .80

    3-1-2. Required materials.. 83

    3-1-3. Required equipment.. 84

    3-1-4. Necessary supplies.. 84

    Second part: work method

    3-2-1. Collecting samples.. 87

    3-2-2. Preparation of solutions.. 88

    3-2-3. Preparation of standards.. 88

    3-2-4. Preparation of soil samples. 89

    3-2-5. Preparation of leaf and root samples. 89

    3-2-6. Determination of lead and cadmium content of samples using atomic absorption device. 90

    7-2-3. Statistical analysis of data.. 92

    Chapter Four: Results

    4-1. The level of cadmium and lead in the samples. 94

    4-2. Calculation of Bio-concentration factor. 102

    4-3. Calculating the transfer coefficient.. 102

    Chapter Five: Discussion and suggestions

    5-1. Discussion.. 104

    5-2. Conclusion.. 108

    5-3. Suggestions.. 109

     

     

    Resources.. 111

    English summary. 120

    Appendixes. 122

     

     

    Source:

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    3. Arbabi, S., 2011-2018, measuring the concentration of cadmium and lead in samples grown in northern Iran and the effect of washing and cooking on its amount, Master's Thesis ((Applied Chemistry)), Islamic Azad University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Modern Sciences and Technologies, p. 25 to 56.

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    5. Omid Beigi, R., 1374, approaches to the production and processing of medicinal plants, Tehran: Qods Razavi Publishing House, volume 3, p. 283.

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    8. Haji Qasim Khan, 1386, Industrial Toxicology, For Tomorrow, p. 235 to 262.

    9. Khushal, Z., 2013, Measurement and comparison of copper, zinc, lead and cadmium in dry Lahijan tea leaves using atomic absorption device, Master's thesis, ((Applied Chemistry)), Islamic Azad University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Modern Sciences and Technologies, p. 125.

    10. Rahmani, H., Kolbasi, M., Haj Rasouliha, S., 1379, Soil contamination by lead from vehicles in some highways of Iran, Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Techniques and Natural Resources, Volume 4, Number 4, p. 31 to 41.

    11. Zargari, A., 1368, Medicinal Plants, Tehran University Press, Volume 1, pp. 20 to 30.

    12. Zaman, S., 1367, Medicinal plants, third edition. Phoenix, p. 156.

    13. Shah Taheri, J., Afshari, D., 1386, occupational toxicology, for tomorrow, p. 235 to 246.

    14. Shariati, Sh., Agha Nabi, S. A., Mousavi Harami, S. R., Madbari, S., Adabi, M. 2018, investigation of the amount of pollution caused by mining industries and processing of lead and zinc on water and soil of Angoran-Dandi region, Journal of Earth Sciences; Year 21, No. 81, p. 45 to 54.

    15. Salehi Sormaghi, M., 2016, Medicinal plants and herbal therapy, Tehran: Dunyai Tahirani, volume 2, p. 14 to 19 16.

    16. Safi-eddin, M., 2013, extraction and identification of essential oil components obtained from plant petals by gas-mass chromatography spectrometry method, Iranian yellow rose, Rosa feotida Herm, Master's Thesis (Essence Chemistry and Technology) Islamic Azad University, Pharmaceutical Sciences Unit, Faculty of Modern Sciences and Technologies, p. 26 to 28.

    17. Tayibi Tafarshi, N., 1378, analysis and identification of essential oil of Khosharouz plant by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method, General Ph.D. Thesis (Pharmacy), Islamic Azad University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, p. 76.

    18. Asgar Panah, Zh., 1381, Extraction, identification and determination of the amount of substances in the essential oil of Bam tangerine peel and leaf by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method, Ph.D. thesis (Pharmacy), Islamic Azad University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, p. 14 to 15.

    19. Agilinejad, M., Farshad, A., Mustafaei, M. 138, occupational medicine and occupational diseases, Tehran: Arjmand, volume II, p. 59 to 63.

    20. Amoui, A., Mahvi A. H., 2013, investigation of optimal operating conditions in plant remediation of soil contaminated with lead and cadmium by native plants of Iran, scientific journal of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, p. 93 to 102.

    21. Gurbanli, M., Miqan, F., Asadollahi, B., 2017, the effect of copper chloride stress on chlorophyll concentration, carbohydrate accumulation and some growth indicators in two cultivars of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), Journal of Research and Construction, Agriculture and Horticulture No. 76.

    22. Karimzadeh, L., [et al., 2013, measuring the amount of lead, cadmium and copper in black tea produced in Mazandaran factories in the spring and summer of 2013, Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Volume 23, Number 99, p. 2 to 10.

    23. Klaus Brand, F., Shahnaz, A., 1377, Essential oils and their healing nature, Phoenix, p. 11.

    24. Kiasari, A.F., Haqnia, G.H., 2018, The effect of sulfuric acid and EDTA on phytoremediation of lead in soil by three plants: sunflower, corn and cotton, Agricultural Sciences and Techniques and Natural Resources, Water and Soil Sciences, p. 51.

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    26. Mahmoudi, B., 1380, Familiarity with herbal essential oils and their healing effects, Tehran: Noordanesh, pp. 1 to 15 and 73 to 74.

    27. Mozaffarian, and , 1375, Dictionaries of Iranian plants, Tehran: 6th edition, p. 398.

    28. Malek Qasmi, N., 1379, pharmacognosy and analysis of the essential oil of Oregano plant by GC/MS method, Ph.D. Thesis (Pharmacy), Islamic Azad University, Pharmaceutical Sciences Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, p. 37.

    29. Malkutian, M., Masraghani, M., Daneshpajoh, M.

Investigating the healing power of lavender Lavandula angustifolia and measuring lead and cadmium in the leaves and roots of the plant
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