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  3. Investigating the activity of platinum-based anodic nanocatalyst for use in direct alcohol fuel cells - methanol, 2-propanol and 2,1-propane DL

Investigating the activity of platinum-based anodic nanocatalyst for use in direct alcohol fuel cells - methanol, 2-propanol and 2,1-propane DL

Number of pages: 99 File Format: word File Code: 31839
Year: 2014 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering
Tags/Keywords: 2,1-propane DL - 2-propanol - Alcohol oxidation - Anodic nanocatalyst - Carbon - Direct alcohol fuel cell - Electrocatalyst - Fuel cells - Methanol - Nano catalyst - platinum
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  • Summary of Investigating the activity of platinum-based anodic nanocatalyst for use in direct alcohol fuel cells - methanol, 2-propanol and 2,1-propane DL

    Master's thesis in the field of chemistry, chemical physics

    Abstract

    In this project, platinum/carbon nanocatalyst was first synthesized by chemical reduction of platinum salt with sodium borohydride chemical reducer. The structural and morphological characteristics of the synthesized nanocatalyst were investigated using energy dispersive spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The activity and stability of Pt/C nanocatalyst in the electrooxidation of different alcohols such as methanol, 2-propanol and 1,2-propanedial were investigated in alkaline environment. Cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques were used to investigate the oxidation reaction. Pt/C shows a high current density in the oxidation of 1- and 2-propanedial compared to methanol and 2-propanol. The starting potential value for Pt/C in the oxidation of 1,2-propanediol has a more negative value than the oxidation of methanol, which is due to the rapid kinetics of the 1,2-propanediol oxidation reaction. The results of chronoamperometric tests confirm that Pt/C shows a more stable current density in the oxidation of 1,2-propanediol. The results of the electrochemical impedance after 100 cycles showed that the charge transfer resistance in the oxidation of 1,2-propanediol has the lowest value and the highest value for 2-propanol. The reason for this is that in the oxidation of 1- and 2-propanediol, the resistance of the catalyst to the adsorption of intermediates is high, and the intermediates cannot easily block the active sites of the reaction. rtl;">Chapter One: Introduction to Fuel Cells

    Introduction

    Today, there are two basic problems in the use of fossil fuels that provide 80% of the earth's energy. First, the reserves of these fuels are limited and will run out sooner or later. Second, fossil fuels are one of the main causes of environmental problems such as global warming, climate change, melting of icebergs, rising sea levels, acid rain, loss of the ozone layer, etc. are [1].

    In the early 1970s, the use of hydrogen energy was proposed to solve the problems caused by the consumption of fossil fuels. Hydrogen is an excellent energy source with many properties. Hydrogen is the lightest, cleanest and most efficient fuel. One of the characteristics of hydrogen is that it can be converted into electrical energy during electrochemical processes in fuel cells. It should be noted that the efficiency of such a conversion in a fuel cell is higher than the efficiency of an internal combustion engine that converts fossil fuel energy into mechanical energy. In addition to this fuel, other fuels, such as alcohols, especially methanol and ethanol, have also received attention due to their high energy density and ease of storage and transportation. 1-2 What is a fuel cell? A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that directly converts the chemical energy of fuel into electrical energy. Usually, the process of producing electrical energy from fossil fuels includes several stages of energy conversion:

    Combustion, which converts the chemical energy of the fuel into heat.

    The heat produced is used to boil water and produce steam.

    The steam drives a turbine, and in this process, thermal energy is converted into mechanical energy.

    Mechanical energy starts a generator and, as a result, produces electrical energy.

    In a fuel cell, there is no need for combustion to produce electrical energy and no moving parts are used, in other words, instead of three stages of energy conversion, electrical energy is produced in one step

    Figure 1-1- Comparison of energy transformations in the process of energy production from fossil fuels with the process of energy production in fuel cells.

    Another important point that can be mentioned is that these batteries are electrochemical engines, not heat engines, and for this reason, they are not subject to the Carnot cycle limitation, and therefore their efficiency is high.

    The advantages of fuel cell technology are:

    Very low and zero pollution.

    Fuel cells that work with hydrogen have zero pollution and their only output is excess air and water. This feature has made fuel cells to be considered not only for transportation, but also for domestic and military applications. If a fuel cell uses another fuel to produce the hydrogen it needs, or if we replace hydrogen in a fuel cell with methanol, pollution such as carbon dioxide will be produced, but the amount of this pollution is less than the pollution caused by conventional energy production devices. obtained hydrocarbon.

    Absence of moving parts and long life.

    Since the fuel cell has no moving parts, theoretically under ideal conditions the lifetime of a fuel cell can be infinite as long as the fuel reaches it.

    Weight and size.

    Fuel cells are made in different capacities (from microwatts to megawatts), which makes them used for different applications.

    Very low noise pollution.

    High efficiency compared to other technologies [2].

    1-3- History

    In In 1839, William Grove[1], an English physicist and journalist, discovered the working principles of a fuel cell (Figure 2-1). Gru used four large batteries, each containing a container containing hydrogen and oxygen, to generate electricity. The resulting electricity converted water into oxygen and hydrogen in a smaller container [1].

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    Figure 1-2- The first built fuel cell [1].

    But the history of fuel cell production goes back to 1889 when the first fuel cell was built by Ludovic Mend[2] and Charles Langer[3]. In the early 20th century, efforts were made to develop the fuel cell. In 1995, a five-kilowatt alkaline fuel cell was built.

    Since 1960, the American Space Agency (NASA) used these batteries in the Gemini and Apollo spaceships to produce electricity and supply water needed by astronauts. During the seventies, fuel cell technology was used in household appliances and automobiles. The first car equipped with a fuel cell was built around 1970 by the American General Motors Company. With the serious investment of the US Department of Energy since the Persian Gulf War and the subsequent investment of this ministry, fuel cell technology has developed significantly.

    From the eighties onwards, the Ballard company in Canada supported by the government by carrying out a submarine construction project that used fuel cells was introduced as the leader of this industry in the world.

    (Images and diagrams are available in the main file)

    Abstract:

    In the present investigation, Pt/C nanocatalyst was synthesized by chemical reduction of platinum salt using NaBH4 as reduction agent. The structural characteristics and the morphology of the catalyst characterized by energy diffraction spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy.

  • Contents & References of Investigating the activity of platinum-based anodic nanocatalyst for use in direct alcohol fuel cells - methanol, 2-propanol and 2,1-propane DL

    List: Chapter 1: Introductions to fuel cells

    1-5-1- Polymer fuel cell or proton exchange membrane. 7

    1-6- direct alcohol fuel cells. 9

    1-7- Fuels used in alcohol fuel cells. 10

    1-7-1- methanol as fuel.. 10

    1-7-1-1- direct methanol fuel cell. 11

    1-7-2-2-propanol.. 15

    1-7-2-1- 2-propanol direct fuel cell. 15

    1-7-3-Propylene glycol.. 16

    1-7-3-1- fuel cell 1 and 2-direct propanediale. 16

    1-8- The catalyst used in fuel cell anodes. 17

    1-8-1- Improvement of platinum catalyst using different substrates. 18

    1-8-1-1-carbon black.. 19

    1-9- Study of oxidation of alcohols on platinum-based electrocatalysts. 20

    1-9-1- Kinetics of methanol oxidation reaction in DMFC.. 21

    1-9-2- Mechanism of methanol oxidation.. 22

    1-9-2- Oxidation of 2-propanol and propylene glycol on platinum-based electrocatalysts. 23

    1-10- Project goals.. 29

    Chapter Two, theoretical foundations

    2-1- Introduction.. 31

    2-2- Techniques used.. 31

    2-3- Voltammetry.. 32

    2-3-1- Voltammetry with linear potential scan. 32

    2-3-2- Cyclic voltammetry.. 32

    2-3-3- Effective factors in electrode reactions during cyclic voltammetry. 33

    2-3-4- How to operate in cyclic voltammetry. 34

    2-4- TOEFL diagrams.. 35

    2-5- Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy method. 36

    2-6- Electrode surface characterization.. 48

    2-6-1- SEM.. 38

    2-6-2- EDS.. 39

    Chapter three: Experimental part

    3-1- Chemical materials.. 41

    3-2- Devices used.. 41

    3-3- Electrodes used in voltammetry methods. 44

    3-4- Preparation of platinum/carbon catalyst.. 44

    3-5-Preparation of catalyst ink.. 44

    3-6- Preparation of glass carbon electrode. 45

    Chapter Four: Discussion and Conclusion

    4-1- Generalities.. 47

    4-2- Review of morphology and elemental analysis. 47

    4-3-Voltammetry of Pt/C wheels in alkaline solution. 49

    4-4- Investigating the activity and stability of Pt/C catalyst in basic methanol solution. 51

    4-4-1- Investigating the voltammogram of Pt/C/GC electrode wheels in basic methanol solution. 51

    4-4-2- Investigation of EIS curves and chronoamperometry of Pt/C/GC electrode in methanol oxidation. 53

    4-5- Investigating the activity and stability of Pt/C catalyst in alkaline solution of 2-propanol. 56

    4-5-1- Investigation of cyclic voltammogram of Pt/C electrode in 2-propanol oxidation. 56

    4-5-2- Investigation of Nyquist curves and chronoamperometry of Pt/C catalyst in 2-propanol oxidation. 59

    4-6- Investigating the activity and stability of Pt/C catalyst in the oxidation of 1,2-propanediol. 60

    4-6-1-Cyclic voltammetry of Pt/C/GC electrode in alkaline solution of 1,2-propanediol. 60

    4-6-2-Investigating the stability of Pt/C oxidation of 1,2-propanediol. 62

    4-7- Investigating the performance of platinum/carbon catalyst in the oxidation of different fuels. 64

    4-7-1- Review and comparison of cyclic voltammograms of Pt/C/GC electrode in the oxidation of methanol, 2-propanol, and 1,2-propanediol in alkaline environment 65

    4-7-2- Comparison and review of Pt/C linear scan voltammetry graphs in the oxidation of different alcohols. 67

    4-7-3- Comparison and review of Pt/C catalyst TOEFL diagrams in alcohol oxidation. 68

    4-7-4- Examining the chronoamperometric graphs of the Pt/C/GC electrode in the oxidation of different alcohols. 69

    4-7-5- Spectroscopic studies of electrochemical impedance of Pt/C/GC electrode in the oxidation of different alcohols. 72

    4-8-Conclusion.. 75

    4-9-Suggestions.. 76

    4-10-Resources.. 77

    English abstract

    Source:

     

     

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    [3] Ren, Z., Ramasamy, R. P., Cloud-Owen, S. R., Yan, H., Mench, M. M., & Regan, J. M. (2011). Time-course correlation of biofilm properties and electrochemical performance inTime-course correlation of biofilm properties and electrochemical performance in single-chamber microbial fuel cells. Bioresource technology, 102(1), 416-421.

    [4] Rashidi Ranjbar N, Green energy fuel cells, Arkan Danesh publications, 4834

    [5] Nuernberg, G. B., Fajardo, H. V., Mezalira, D. Z., Casarin, T. J., Probst, L. F., & Carre?o, N. L. (2008). Preparation and evaluation of Co/Al 2 O 3 catalysts in the production of hydrogen from thermo-catalytic decomposition of methane: Influence of operating conditions on catalyst performance. Fuel, 87(8), 1698-1704.

     

    [6] Tsang, E. M., Zhang, Z., Shi, Z., Soboleva, T., & Holdcroft, S. (2007). Considerations of macromolecular structure in the design of proton conducting polymer membranes: graft versus diblock polyelectrolytes. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 129(49), 15106-15107.

     

    [7] Ma, Y., Wang, R., Wang, H., Liao, S., Key, J., Linkov, V., & Ji, S. (2013). The effect of PtRuIr nanoparticle crystallinity in electrocatalytic methanol oxidation. Materials, 6(5), 1621-1631.

     

    [8] Park, K. W., Han, D. S., & Sung, Y. E. (2006). PtRh alloy nanoparticle electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction for use in direct methanol fuel cells. Journal of power sources, 163(1), 82-86.

     

    [9] Du, H., Li, B., Kang, F., Fu, R., & Zeng, Y. (2007). Carbon airgel supported Pt-Ru catalysts for using as the anode of direct methanol fuel cells. Carbon, 45(2), 429-435.

     

    [10] Wasmus, S., & Küver, A. (1999). Methanol oxidation and direct methanol fuel cells: a selective review. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 461(1), 14-31.

     

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    [12] Gasteiger, H. A., Markovi?, N., Ross, P. N., & Cairns, E. J. (1994). Electro-oxidation of small organic molecules on well-Electrochimica Acta, 39(11), 1825-1832.

     

    [13] Gasteiger, H. A., Markovic, N. M., & Ross Jr, P. N. (1995). H2 and CO electrooxidation on well-characterized Pt, Ru, and Pt-Ru. 1. Rotating disk electrode studies of the pure gases including temperature effects. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 99(20), 8290-8301.

     

    [14] Mench, M. M. (2008). Fuel cell engines. John Wiley & Sons.

     

    [15] Liu, Y., Zeng, Y., Liu, R., Wu, H., Wang, G., & Cao, D. (2012). Poisoning of acetone to Pt and Au electrodes for electrooxidation of 2-propanol in alkaline medium. Electrochimica Acta, 76, 174-178.

     

    [16] Mukerjee, S., & Srinivasan, S. (1993). Enhanced electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction on platinum alloys in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 357(1), 201-224.

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    [20] Niu, L., Li, Q., Wei, F., Wu, S., Liu, P., & Cao, X. (2005). Electrocatalytic behavior of Pt-modified polyaniline electrode for methanol oxidation: effect of Pt deposition modes. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 578(2), 331-337.

     

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Investigating the activity of platinum-based anodic nanocatalyst for use in direct alcohol fuel cells - methanol, 2-propanol and 2,1-propane DL
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