Word Files
Reference for Downloading Educational Files
  2. Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering
  3. Measurement of isoprenaline in urine by liquid-liquid diffusion microextraction and gas chromatography

Measurement of isoprenaline in urine by liquid-liquid diffusion microextraction and gas chromatography

Number of pages: 60 File Format: word File Code: 31831
Year: 2014 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering
Tags/Keywords: DLLME - FID - Flame ionization detector - Gas chromatography - Isoprenaline - Isoprenaline in urine - Liquid-liquid microextraction - Measurement of isoprenaline
  • Part of the Content
  • Contents & Resources

  • Summary of Measurement of isoprenaline in urine by liquid-liquid diffusion microextraction and gas chromatography

    Dissertation for receiving a master's degree in chemistry (M.Sc.)

    Strength: Analytical Chemistry

    Abstract

    In the present research work, the measurement of the medicinal substance isoprenaline in water using a gas chromatography device with Flame ionization detector (FID) was performed. In order to extract this compound from aqueous samples, the Diffuse Liquid-Liquid Microextraction (DLLME) technique was considered.

    The Diffuse Liquid-Liquid Microextraction technique is a new extraction method that, despite its simplicity and speed, has a high efficiency and concentration factor and is compatible with various instrumental analysis methods. In this method, two extracting and dispersing solvents are used. In this research, acetic anhydride compound was used as derivatizing reagent. Extraction was performed on 5 ml of water using 0.5 ml of acetone (dispersing solvent) containing 10 microliters of chlorobenzene (extracting solvent) and 50 microliters of acetic anhydride (derivatizing reagent). Based on the obtained results, the detection limit of the method for measuring isoprenaline is relatively low (0.33 ppb) and the linear range of the calibration curve is wide (1-150 ppb). Also, the extraction efficiency of studied isoprenaline is 90% and the concentration factor is 870. The extraction efficiency for the urine sample is 84%.

    1- Introduction

    The measurement and identification of various biological and chemical species in various samples and tissues is very important in various sciences and industries, including the measurement of small amounts of these species in vital samples such as human blood serum and plasma or urine (diagnosis Diseases, quality control of medicines, measurement of various chemical substances to determine the amount of pollutants) as well as control of the quality and value of food.

    It is clear that the purpose of prescribing medicine is to prevent, control or treat a disease. But drug side effects sometimes prevent the doctor from reaching this goal. So that in some cases, he inevitably stops the medicine or changes it. Sometimes drug side effects lead to the diagnosis and treatment process due to similarity with disease side effects. In some cases, drug side effects exceed the side effects of the disease, endangering the patient's health or even survival. In some cases, these side effects are not improved by stopping the drug, remain permanently or improve slowly.

    The statistics of drug side effects recorded in the World Health Organization (WHO) are shocking, and every year in the world, people and governments spend a huge amount on the treatment of drug side effects and suffer heavy losses. More than 70 to 80% of reported side effects are caused by common drugs and not new drugs. On the other hand, most side effects of drugs are dose dependent. In other words, by controlling the drug dose, the side effects are better controlled, and by increasing the drug dose, these side effects are aggravated. According to these facts on the one hand and with the progress of analytical science and laboratory equipment on the other hand, for years specialists and researchers have realized the importance of monitoring [1] the drug in the blood or urine of patients to preserve the health of patients more than before and reduce the complications and costs of treatment. 1963 In the countries of England, Scotland, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand, an epidemic of deaths was observed in a group of people with asthma under treatment. Later it became clear that this happened probably due to the presence of isoprenaline sprays that were used in the amount of 5 times the dose of isoprenaline that was used in the United States and Canada, because in these two countries they did not report such an epidemic [1]. It leads to the heart. This drug is an adrenergic compound that exerts its effects by stimulating beta-adrenergic receptors. Stimulation of beta2 receptor in the lungs relaxes the bronchial smooth muscle and relieves bronchial spasm, increases vital capacity, reduces reserve volume, and reduces airway resistance.. Isoproterenol inhibits the release of histamine caused by antigen stimulation and during anaphylaxis.

    Its spray dilates the bronchi and is used to treat bronchial spasm caused by asthma, bronchitis and emphysema. In rare cases, it is injected intravenously as an emergency treatment for serious heart diseases and to relieve severe asthma. It is not suitable for heart disorders, including angina, as it may increase the heart rate. For this reason, it is used as a treatment for heart block before putting in a pacemaker. Excessive use can cause insomnia, headache, irritability, and in severe cases, dangerous heart rhythms [2-3].

    -2-1-chemistry of isoprenaline

    The composition of isoprenaline is synthesized by a method similar to the production of epinephrine. The interaction of chloroacetylpyrocatechol[1] with isopropylamine compound produces ?-isopropylamino-4,3-dihydroxyacetophenone[2]. Finally, the reduction of the carbonyl group with hydrogen by palladium on carbon leads to the production of isoprenaline.

    (Diagram and pictures and tables are available in the main file)

    The presence of the isopropylamine group makes the compound of isoprenaline selective for beta receptors. Also, free hydroxycatechol groups make this drug prone to enzymatic metabolism [4-5].

    1-2-2-Importance of measurement

    Measurement of drugs plays an important role in drug quality control and has a great impact on public health. Therefore, choosing a simple, sensitive and fast method to measure these compounds is very important.

    Isoprenaline is injected into the body in the form of 1-3 ml injection containing 20 mcg/mL[1] of isoprenaline hydrochloride. Many of the side effects of these drugs disappear during treatment when the body adapts. Despite this, heart palpitations and chest pain are signs of excessive heart stimulation, which should be resolved immediately. In order to extract this compound from water samples dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction technique (DLLME) was applied.

    Simplicity, rapidity, high enrichment factor and high recovery are the most advantages of DLLME technique that is novel method. Tow solvents, extraction solvent and disperser solvent are used in this method. DLLME is compatible with analytical instruments. In this study, acetic anhydride was used as derivatization reagent.

    Extraction procedure was done by using 5 mL water sample and 0.5 mL acetone (disperser solvent) containing 10 ?L chlorobenzene (extraction solvent) and 50 ?L acetic anhydride (derivatization reagent). Under the optimum conditions, enrichment factor and recovery were 870 and 90%, respectively.

    The linear range was 1-150 ?g L-1 and limit of detections were 0.33 ?g L-1. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) were in the range of 1.2% (n=7) using internal standard and were in the range of 2.8% (n=7) without internal standard. The extraction efficiency was 84% ??for urine samples.

  • Contents & References of Measurement of isoprenaline in urine by liquid-liquid diffusion microextraction and gas chromatography

    List:

     

    Abstract 1

     

    Chapter One: General Research

    1-1- Introduction. 3

    1-2-Isoprenaline. 4

    1-2-1-chemistry of isoprenaline. 6

    1-2-2-The importance of measurement. 6

    1-3-Summary. 9

     

    Chapter Two: Review of research literature and research background

    2-1- Review of isoprenaline analysis methods. 11

    2-2- common extraction methods. 11

    2-2-1-Liquid extraction. 12

    2-2-2-extraction with solid phase. 12

    2-2-3- micro-extraction with liquid phase. 13

    2-2-4- micro-extraction with solid phase. 14

    2-2-5-extraction with supercritical fluid. 15

    2-2-6-Extraction with Soxhlet. 16

    2-3- liquid microextraction - diffusion liquid. 16

    2-3-1- Factors affecting extraction efficiency. 18

    2-3-2-applications of liquid microextraction - liquid diffusion. 18

    2-3-3- principles of liquid micro-extraction - liquid diffusion. 19

    2-3-4- Calculation of effective factors in liquid-liquid diffusion microextraction method. 20

    2-3-5-properties of extracting and dispersing solvent in DLLM. 22

    2-3-6-Compatibility of the method with machine techniques. 22

    2-3-7-advantages and disadvantages of liquid micro-extraction - liquid diffusion. 22

    2-4- isoprenaline derivatization. 24

     

    Chapter three: Research implementation method

    3-1- Chemicals and equipment. 27

    3-1-1-Chemicals and reagents 27

    3-1-2-Used equipment and devices 28

    3-2-Extraction and measurement of isoprenaline in water. 29

    3-3-Optimization of extraction conditions. 30

    3-3-1- Examining the effect of the type of diffuser phase 30

    3-3-2- Examining the effect of the volume of the diffuser phase 31

    3-3-3- Examining the effect of the type of extractor phase 31

    3-3-4- Examining the effect of the volume of the extractor phase 32

    3-3-5- Examining the effect of derivatization before and during extraction. 32

    3-3-6- Examining the effect of extraction and derivatization time. 33

    3-3-7- Investigating the effect of the derivatizing reagent volume 33

    3-3-8- Investigating the effect of potassium carbonate percentage. 33

    3-3-9- Investigating the effect of increasing salt. 34

    3-3-10- Investigating the reproducibility of liquid-liquid diffusion microextraction. 34

    3-3-11- Calculation of extraction efficiency and concentration factor. 34

    3-3-12-preparation of calibration curve in liquid-dispersive liquid extraction. 35

    3-4- Analysis of real samples. 35

    Chapter Four: Data Analysis

    4-1- Optimizing extraction conditions. 38

    4-1-1- Investigating the effect of the spreader phase type 39

    4-1-2- Investigating the effect of the spreader phase volume 40

    4-1-3- Investigating the effect of the extractant phase type 41

    4-1-4- Investigating the effect of the extractant phase volume 42

    4-1-5- Investigating the effect of derivatization before and during extraction. 44

    4-1-6- The effect of time on extraction efficiency. 45

    4-1-7- Examining the effect of the volume of the derivatizing reagent 46

    4-1-8- Examining the effect of the percentage of potassium carbonate. 47

    4-1-9- Investigating the effect of increasing salt. 48

    4-1-10- Investigating the reproducibility of liquid-liquid diffusion microextraction. 50

    4-1-11- Calculation of extraction efficiency and concentration factor. 51

    4-1-12- preparation of calibration curve. 51

    4-2-Analysis of real samples. 53

     

    Chapter Five: Discussion and Conclusion

    5-1-Conclusion. 55

    5-2- Suggestions. 56

    Sources and sources. 57

    English abstract 60

    Source:

     

    1.Zhou, Guo-Jun. Zhang, Guo-Fang. Chen, Hong-Yuan. (2002). Development of integrated chemiluminescence flow sensor for the determination of adrenaline and isoprenaline. Analytica Chimica Acta 463.

    2.[2] A. Alwarthan, Abdulrahman. A. Al-Lohedan, Hamad. A. Issa, Zuheir. Micellar Effect Upon The Lucigenin Chemiluminescent Reaction System With Isoprenaline.

    3.[3] Rakotonirina, A. Soustre, H. (1989). Effects of Isoprenaline on Tonic Tension and Na-Ca Exchange in Frog Atrial Fibers. Gen. Physiol. Biophys, 8.

    4.[4] Mehta, Akul. (2011). Medicinal Chemistry of the Peripheral Nervous System – Adrenergics and Cholinergic and their Biosynthesis. Metabolism and Structure Activity Relationships. http://pharmaxchange. info/ notes/ medicinal_chemistry/ adrenergics_cholinergics. Html

    5. Malone, John F. Parvez, Masood. (1987). Crystal andCrystal and molecular structure of isoprenaline, Polyhedron. Vol. 6, No. 1.

    6.[5] Solich, P. Polydorou, Ch. Koupparis, M.A. (2000). Efstathiou C.E. Automated flow-injection spectrophotometric determination of catecholamines (epinephrine and isoproterenol) in pharmaceutical formulations based on ferrous complex formation. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 22.

    7. Ensafi, A. Bahrami, H. Karimi-maleh, H. Mallakpour, S. (2012). Carbon Paste Electrode Prepared from Chemically Modified Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes for the Voltammetric Determination of Isoprenaline in Pharmaceutical and Urine Samples. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 33.

    8. Solich, P. Polydorou, Ch. K. Koupparis, M.A. Efstathiou, C.E. (2000). Automated flow-injection spectrophotometric determination of catecholamines (epinephrine and isoproterenol) in pharmaceutical formulations based on ferrous complex formation. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 22.

    9. Korany, Mohamed. Wahbi, Abdel-Aziz. (1979). Spectrophotometric Determination of Isoprenaline Sulphate and Methyldopa Using Chloranil. Analyst, Vol. 104.

    10. Sorouraddin, M.H. Manzoori, Kargarzadeh, J.L. E. Haji Shabani, A.M. (1998). Spectrophotometric determination of some catecholamine drugs using sodium bismuth Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 18.

    11. Ehrhardt, J. Schwartz, J. (1978). A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry assay of human plasma catecholamines. Ctinica Chimica Actu, 88.

    12. Saprygina, T. V. Tsoi, A. N. Kukes. V. G. (1990). determination of isoprenaline in blood plasma by hplc with electrochemical detection. Khimiko-farmatsevticheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 24, No. 9. 13. Yamaguchi, M. Ishida, J. Yoshimura, (1998). M. Simultaneous determination of urinary catecholamines and 5-hydroxyindoleamines by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Analyst. 123.

    14.Dxmhg

    15.Viviane, G. Bonifa´cio, Luiz H. Marcolino Jr. Marcos F.S. Teixeira, Orlando. (2004). Voltammetric determination of isoprenaline in pharmaceutical preparations using a copper (II) hexacyanoferrate (III) modified carbon paste electrode. Microchemical Journal 78.

    16. Keyvanfard, Mohsen. Khosravi, Vahideh. Karimi-Maleh, Hassan. Alizad, Khadijeh. Rezaei, Behzad. (2013). Voltammetric determination of 6-mercaptopurine using a multiwall carbon nanotubes paste electrode in the presence of isoprenaline as a mediator, Journal of Molecular Liquids 177.

    17.Wei, Shoulian. Songc, Guanqun. Lin, Jin-Ming. (2005). Separation and determination of norepinephrine, epinephrine and isoprinaline enantiomers by capillary electrophoresis in pharmaceutical formulation and human serum. Journal of Chromatography A, 1098.

    18. Mazloum-Ardakani, Mohammad. Naser-Sadrabadi, Abolfazl. Sheikh-Mohseni, Mohammad Ali. Naeimi, Hossein. Benvidi, Ali. Khoshro, Alireza. (2013). Oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes for improving the electrocatalytic activity of a Schiff base modified electrode in the determination of isoprenaline. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry.

    19. Chen, Meifeng. Ma, Xinying. Li, Xia. (2012). Electrochemical determination of isoprenaline using a graphene-modified glassy carbon electrode. J Solid State Electrochem 16.

    20. Ensafi, Ali A. Bahrami, Hajar. Karimi-maleh, Hassan. Mallakpour, Shadpour. (2012). Carbon Paste Electrode Prepared from Chemically Modified Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes for the Voltammetric Determination of Isoprenaline in Pharmaceutical and Urine Samples, Chin. J. Catal. 33.

    21.Siva, S. Venkatesh, G. A. Sankaranarayanan, R. K. Rajendiran, N. (2012). Absorption and fluorescence spectral characteristics of norepinephrine, epinephrine, isoprenaline, methyl dopa, terbutaline and orciprenaline drugs. Physics and Chemistry of Liquids Vol. 50, No. 4.

    22.Wang, Zhouping. Zhang, Zhujun. Fua, Zhifeng. Fang, Luqiu. Luo, Wanfen. (2003).

Measurement of isoprenaline in urine by liquid-liquid diffusion microextraction and gas chromatography
How To Access The File
Related Contents:
Number of pages: 106 Category: Paramedical

Dissertation for Ph.D. Ph.D. Persian Summary Aripiprazole is an atypical antipsychotic drug that shows its therapeutic effect with a combination of antagonistic activity of 5-HT2A receptor and partial agonistic activity of 5-HT1A and D2 dopamine receptors. This drug is used in the treatment of schizophrenia, type I bipolar disorders and as an adjunctive treatment in major ...

Number of pages: 102 Category: Medical Sciences

Dissertation for receiving a Master's degree (M.Sc) major: applied chemistry Persian Summary Raloxifene is used to treat breast cancer and infertility related to oligomenorrhea or secondary amenorrhea. Raloxifene is a new treatment that has recently become available for the prevention of osteoporosis of the spine. This medicine is taken as one pill a day. In some ways, this drug ...

Number of pages: 121 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

Master's thesis in the field of chemical nanoengineering Abstract The synthesis of silicon dioxide nanoparticles from silicon oil waste using the synthesis method of silicon dioxide nanoparticles [1] has many industrial applications. The industrial use of these particles in traditional fields as well as new fields is expanding, for which new applications are continuously found. ...

Number of pages: 166 Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering

Doctoral Dissertation in Chemical Engineering Abstract With the increase in population, the need for energy resources for mankind has also increased. Diesel, as an effective fuel, fulfills the need for transportation fuel in the world. Biodiesel, which is considered a renewable fuel and produces less harmful environmental effects, is produced from various sources, among which ...

Number of pages: 101 Category: Medical Sciences

Dissertation to receive a master's degree (((M.sc) specialization: medical nanotechnology) Abstract In the present research, the cation exchange property of clinoptilolite is used due to its negative charge in its structure. The connection of this research topic with medical nanotechnology is due to the nanopores and porosity of clinoptilolite and the high absorption level of ...

Number of pages: 68 Category: Agricultural Engineering

Persian summary of the cheese plant with the scientific name of Malva Ngalkata is native to Central Asian countries. In Iran, paneerak grows in different regions, including Kurdistan, Azerbaijan, Alborz, Tehran and Khorasan provinces. In traditional medicine, cheese plant has many therapeutic benefits and uses, such as reducing muscle and nerve pains, healing wounds, relieving ...

Number of pages: 134 Category: Librarianship

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree, Major: Accounting, Abstract: Considering the importance of the liquidity of companies' shares in the capital market, the present research seeks to investigate the factors affecting liquidity. In this regard, the impact of dividend policies on the liquidity of companies' shares has been tested. In this research, multiple linear ...

Number of pages: 153 Category: Electronic Engineering

Dissertation for obtaining a master's degree in electrical engineering, electronics, abstract, accurate measurement and control of temperature in industrial and research systems is of particular importance, and the correct operation of some industrial and laboratory tools is possible only in a certain location with a small number of channels (maximum 8 channels). Therefore, the ...

Number of pages: 109 Category: Electrical Engineering

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Mechatronics Engineering Persian Abstract The purpose of this project is to introduce a new approach for troubleshooting gas transmission pipelines using mechanical waves, which is much cheaper and easier than other methods. who are currently working. These lines are usually located in difficult environmental conditions and far away and in ...

Number of pages: 113 Category: Biology - Environment

Dissertation for receiving a Master's degree (M.Sc.) specialization: Environment Abstract Gaseous liquids obtained from the refining of sour gases are also sour and contain a large percentage of hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans. Therefore, after distilling and preparing the products, it needs refining processes to remove or reduce the amount of sulfur and mercaptans present. ...