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Measurement of dichromate in water by scinometric film method

Number of pages: 71 File Format: word File Code: 31830
Year: 2013 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering
Tags/Keywords: Chromophore - dichromate - Dichromate in aqueous environments - Diphenylcarbazide - Measurement of dichromate - optode - RGB - Scanometric technique
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  • Summary of Measurement of dichromate in water by scinometric film method

    Dissertation for Master of Analytical Chemistry

    Abstract        

    In this study, a new film scinometric method was used to measure dichromate ion in aqueous media using chromophore 1 and 5-diphenylcarbazide (DPC). 5-1-Diphenylcarbazide was used as a complexing agent to measure dichromate ion. As a result of entering dichromate into the structure of the polymer film, the red-violet complex of chromium (III) - 1,5-diphenylcarbazone is formed. After injecting the samples on a glass plate, the plate is transferred to the color analysis program by a scanner with a suitable resolution of the scan and the corresponding image, and in the Visual Basic environment, it is analyzed into the manufacturer's parameters by different algorithms. Various parameters such as diphenylcarbazide concentration, pH, response time and so on. It was checked and finally the calibration curve was drawn with a suitable slope. In optimal conditions, the linear range of the method was obtained as 0.5-50ppm. For all concentrations in the linear range, the relative standard deviation was less than 5% and the detection limit for each color parameter was 0.2 ppm. Dichromate was measured in real samples of different mineral water and the presence of interferences was also investigated.

    Key words: RGB, scinometric technique, optode, dichromate, 5-1-diphenyl carbazide

    Introduction

    Recognition of objects in images has potentially wide and diverse applications in Understanding has an image. Tracking and discovering objects in the image is a fundamental task in the applications of image analysis and has many applications in human life that are associated with image processing. Color processing of images[1] is often done for two specific purposes: a) automatic analysis of images, in this purpose, color is an ability descriptor that simplifies the identification and extraction of objects from the scene in most cases. b) Using color characteristics such as intensity and other parameters as a measure of the intensity and weakness of the amount of material in the image. Image processing is divided into two main areas: full-color processing and pseudo-color processing. In the first group, the desired images are usually taken with a full-color sensor such as a color TV camera or a color scanner. In the second group, a color shade is assigned to each specific monochromatic intensity or a range of intensities. Significant progress in the 1980s made color sensors and hardware necessary to process color images available at an affordable price. As a result of these developments, the use of full-color image processing methods has been used in a very wide range of applications [1]. passes through, the output is not white light, but a continuous spectrum of colors ranging from violet to red. As seen in Figure 1-1, the color spectrum can be divided into 6 broad areas: purple, blue, green, yellow, orange and red. No color in the spectrum is interrupted at once, but each color is slowly mixed with the next color (image 1-2)]2. style="direction: rtl;"> 

     

     

     

     

     

    Figure 1- 1- White light passing through a prism and creating a color spectrum] 2[ .

     

    Figure 1-2- Electromagnetic spectrum [.

     

    Generally, the colors that humans receive from an object are determined by the nature of the light reflected from that object. As seen in Figure 1-2, visible light is a relatively narrow band in the electromagnetic energy spectrum. An object that reflects relatively balanced light at all visible wavelengths appears white to the observer.An object that reflects relatively balanced light in all visible wavelengths appears white to the observer, but an object that reflects well only in a small range of the visible spectrum appears colored to the observer. For example, green objects reflect light wavelengths in the range of 500-700 nm, while they absorb most of the energy in other wavelengths. Non-colored light (without color), its only characteristic is its intensity or amount. Achromatic light is the same as the light seen by black and white TV viewers. Therefore, the term gray level refers to the numerical amount of intensity that changes in the range of black to grays and finally white. Colored light covers the spectrum of electromagnetic energy approximately from 400-700 nm. Three main quantities are used to describe the quality of a color light source: radiance 1, luminance 2, and brightness 3. Radiance is the total amount of energy emitted by a light source and is often measured in watts (W). Luminance, expressed in lumens (lm), is the amount of energy received by the observer from the light source. For example, light emitted from a source in the infrared end of the spectrum may have considerable energy, but the observer will hardly feel it; Therefore, its luminance is almost zero. Finally, clarity is a mental description that is practically impossible to measure. Lightness embodies the non-colored part of the intensity and is one of the important factors in describing the feeling of color [1]. The structure of the human eye is such that all colors are seen as different combinations of the three primary colors red (R), green (G) and blue (B). In order to standardize the International Council on Illumination (CIE) in 1931, the following specific wavelength values ??were assigned to the three primary colors.

    It is very important to mention here that no single color can be called red, blue or green. Therefore, having three specific and standard color wavelengths does not mean that the three fixed components of RGB alone can produce all the colors of the spectrum. This is important because in many cases when the word primary is used, it is assumed that if the three standard primary colors are mixed in different proportions, they can produce all visible colors. This interpretation is not correct unless the wavelength can also be changed [1].

    By mixing primary colors, secondary colors light violet (red plus blue), turquoise blue (green plus blue) and yellow (red plus green) can be produced. By mixing three primary colors together or a secondary color with its opposite primary color, of course, with the correct intensities, white light is produced. dichromate ions in aqueous environments using chromophore 1,5-diphenylcarbazide (DPC). 1, 5 diphenylcarbazide is used as complexion agent. By entering dichromate into polymer film, purple-red complex chrome (III) - 1,5 diphenylcarbazone is formed. After injection of samples on a glass plate, it is scanned by a scanner with appropriate separation power and the image is transferred to the color analyzing software and it is decomposed into constructor parameters in a visual basic environment by different algorithms. Various parameters such as diphenylcarbazide concentration, PH, and response time,... are studied and finally, calibration curve was constructed with sufficient slope. In the optimal conditions, the linear range of the method achieved is equal to 0.5-50 ppm. For all concentration in linear range relative standard deviation was achieved less than 5% and the detection limit for every color parameters was equal to 0.2 ppm. Dichromate measured in actual samples of different mineral water and the intruders were evaluated.

  • Contents & References of Measurement of dichromate in water by scinometric film method

    List:

    Abstract

    Chapter 1: General research.. 1

    1-1- Introduction.. 2

    1-2- Basics of color.. 2

    1-3- Light description parameters. 3

    1-4- Color diagram.. 5

    1-5- Color model.. 6

    1-6- Triple stimulus values. 7

    1-7- Principles of color models. 7

    1-7-1- Principles of CIE XYZ color model. 7

    1-7-2- Principles of RGB color model (Red, Green and Blue). 8

    1-7-3- Principles of CMYK color model (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black). 8

    1-7-4- Principles of color model (HIS, HSL, HSV). 9

    1-8- converting color models to each other. 11

    1-8-1- convert spot to RGB parameter. 11

    1-8-2- RGB to CMYK conversion. 12

    1-8-3- Convert RGB to HIS, HSL, HSV models. 12

    1-8-4- XYZ color model calculation. 13

    1-9- Scanometric method.. 13

    1-10- Scanner.. 14

    1-11- Sensor concepts.. 15

    1-12- Types of chemical sensors. 15

    1-12-1- Electrochemical sensors. 16

    1-12-2- optical sensors. 16

    1-12-3- Photochemical sensors. 16

    1-12-4- ion optical sensors. 17

    1-12-5- Optode - Optrode. 17

    1-12-6- mass sensors. 18

    1-13- Polymers and their use in optical sensors. 19

    1-13-1-Polyvinyl chloride polymer. 19.

    1-13-2- Polymer cellulose triacetate. 19

    1-14- methods of fixing the identifier. 20

    1-14-1- Physical stabilization. 20

    1-14-2- Electrostatic stabilization. 20

    1-14-3- covalent stabilization. 21

    1-14-4- Stabilization methods of identifiers in sol-gel polymers. 23

    1-15- The effect of the type of stabilization method and the type of polymer tissue. 23

    1-16- The importance of measuring dichromate ion - chromium (VI) metal ion. 23

    The second chapter: Review of past researches. 26

    2-1- Introduction.. 27

    2-2- A review of past researches in the field of scinometry. 27

    2-3- Review of past research in the field of optode. 28

    2-4- A review of past researches for the measurement of dichromate ion. 31

    The third chapter: experimental part.. 37

    3-1- Introduction.. 38

    3-2- Chemicals, solutions and reagents. 38

    3-3- Devices and equipment used. 39

    3-3-1- Preparing the glass plate. 39

    3-3-2- Preparation of equipment. 39

    3-4- Preparation of solutions. 39

    3-4-1- Preparation of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid solution. 39

    3-4-2- Preparation of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide solution. 39

    3-4-3- Preparation of 0.1 M phosphoric acid solution. 39

    3-4-4- preparation of 20 ppm potassium dichromate solution. 40

    3-4-5- Preparation of 1000 ppm solution, 1 and 5 diphenylcarbazide. 40

    3-4-6- preparation of phosphate buffer with pH 1-12. 40

    3-5- Preparation of transparent film.. 40

    3-6- Preparation of sensor film impregnated with diphenylcarbazide. 40

    3-7- Scanner resolution and scanning location. 40

    3-8- Investigating the effect of DPC and dichromate on the solution mass. 41

    3-8-1- The effect of the duration of manufacturing and storage of 1000 ppm diphenylcarbazide solution. 41

    Chapter four: discussion and conclusion. 42

    4-1- Introduction.. 43

    4-2- Preparation of film.. 43

    4-3- Examining the effect of pH on the sensor film impregnated with DPC. 43

    4-4- Examining changes in color parameters of dichromate - diphenylcarbazide complex. 44

    4-5- The effect of pH on the formation of a complex between dichromate and DPC. 44

    4-6- Optimizing DPC concentration for film preparation. 46

    4-7- Checking the response time. 46

    4-8- Checking the durability of the sensor film. 47

    4-9- Calibration curve, linear region, detection limit and repeatability. 49

    4-10- Checking the presence of disturbances. 50

    4-11- Practical application.. 51

    4-12- Conclusion.. 52

    4-13- Suggestions.. 52

    Resources

    Source:

     

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Measurement of dichromate in water by scinometric film method
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