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  3. Modifying the behavior of epoxy resin by increasing softener and accelerator

Modifying the behavior of epoxy resin by increasing softener and accelerator

Number of pages: 59 File Format: word File Code: 31828
Year: Not Specified University Degree: Master's degree Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering
Tags/Keywords: Accelerator - baking agent - Condensation polymers - Copolymer - Degradation temperature - Emollient - Epoxy resin - Glass transition temperature - Polymer - resin
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  • Summary of Modifying the behavior of epoxy resin by increasing softener and accelerator

    Dissertation for Master's Degree in Chemistry

    Chemistry Orientation

    Abstract

    Epoxy resins, which are thermosetting polymers, have properties such as high thermal stability, good adhesion, high chemical resistance, easy molding and moisture resistance. These resins are used as adhesives, coatings, paints and polymer tools. The most common epoxy resin is prepared from the reaction of bisphenol A and epichlorohydrin in the presence of open air, which are hardened by curing agents such as amines, anhydrides, phenols, and thiols. Epoxy resins are hard and brittle. This design is done in order to modify the behavior of epoxy resin by using softener and accelerator. Using two types of resin, two types of curing agents, an amine accelerator and a softener, samples were prepared and analyzed. The use of anhydride curing agent was not successful. Samples tested:

    Sample (a) epoxy EPOLAM 2040 RESIN and amine curing agent EPOLAM 2047 with accelerator,

    Sample (b) epoxy 828 and amine curing agent EPOLAM 2047 and accelerator,

    Sample (c) EPOLAM 2040 epoxy and EPOLAM 2047 amine curing agent with dioctyl phthalate softener and accelerator, sample (d) mixture of two epoxy 828 and EPOLAM 2040, EPOLAM 2047 amine curing agent and dioctyl phthalate softener with accelerator. Tg test using From the DSC device on the samples, it showed that the samples with softener had a low glass transition temperature {without softener (a) 78.7°C and (b) 0.89°C, with softener both 55.5°C}. The test showed the percentage of volatile matter at 105 °C for three hours for samples (a) -0.10% and (b) -0.11% and for samples with softener, (c) -0.10% and (d) -0.18%. Degradation temperature with TGA device was 50-700°C and temperature changes were 10°C for every 10°C, which was 350°C and (b) 373°C for sample without softener and 345°C and 365°C for samples with softener (b) and (c), respectively. The percentage of swelling in acetone solvent was 24.3% and (b) 17.5% for epoxy without softener and with softener (c) 37.5% and (d) 38.1%. The percentage of water absorption in the samples with softener (a) and (b) was 0.22% and 0.16%, respectively, and the samples without softener (c) were 0.13% and (d) 0.17%. Keywords: epoxy resin, curing agent, accelerator, plasticizer, glass transition temperature, degradation temperature rtl;">Introduction

    Epoxy resins, like any other polymer, are subjected to production conditions, additives and temperature, and these factors affect their physical and chemical properties. Due to the expansion of the use of these types of resins, efforts are being made to maintain or improve their properties depending on the type of application.

    12 statement of the problem

    Epoxy resins[1] are thermosetting polymers[2] that are widely used in paint, glue[3], coatings[4], implants Medicine [5], electrical industry and tools have polymer (Odegard [6], 2013). These resins are of two different bases; Epoxy resin and curing agent[7] are formed. The curing agent can be amines [8], anhydrides [9] or thiols [10]. When the epoxy resin hardens, it finds a three-dimensional network structure, and the resulting polymers have good thermal stability [11], relatively high modulus [12] and excellent adhesion (Kinloch et al. [13], 2014; Chen et al.[14], 2013; Ben Saleh et al.[15], 2014; Mamani et al.[16], 2013).

    The high network structure makes the resin hard and brittle and has low impact resistance (Chen et al., 2013). The purpose of this project is to choose the right materials to strengthen the softness of the resin while maintaining the minimum properties and achieving the right baking conditions..

     

     

    13 Necessity of conducting research

    The scope of application of epoxy resin is wide, which is modified according to the type of application and its baking conditions, this design can be considered because it examines the baking conditions with softener[17].

     

    14 Research Objectives

    The issue under discussion is the hardness and brittleness of the cured epoxy resin, which aims to improve the behavior and achieve an almost optimal and suitable condition of the resin with the softener and the curing system to achieve the modified resin.

    15 research hypotheses

    To carry out this project, the desired methods are proposed as follows:

    a. Preparation of suitable epoxy resin,

    b. formulation of the curing system,

    c. selection of different curing agents and checking the properties resulting from its use,

    d achieving the proper curing system in the presence of softener.

     

     

     

    Introduction

    The term "resin" refers to materials that naturally and in most cases, from Plants are obtained, taken. If the solutions of these materials in organic solvents are dried in air, they become protective and hard coatings. The most useful natural resin is rosin (or rosin). Later, any synthetic material that supplemented or replaced these natural products was called "resin" (Zohurian Mehr [18], 1376).

    Today resin is a number of types of polymers, including phenol formaldehyde condensation products [19] and epoxy resins, vinyl polymers such as polystyrene [20] and polymethyl methacrylate [21], and polymer Polyamide [22] or polyester [23] and layered compression. It is said Most of the term resin is related to linear or cross-linked polymers (or can be cross-linked) which are used for molding, casting or extrusion operations and in surface coatings.

    Resins are polymers and in other words copolymers [24] with high molecular weight that have active groups within their chains. At ambient temperature, most of these polymers are liquid with high viscosity and look like honey, transparent with light yellow to brownish color, or they are in the form of flakes and solid grains that are dissolved in a suitable solvent as needed (Zohurian Mehr et al., translator, 1376).

     

    22 Epoxy resins

    The term epoxy refers to a chemical group in which an oxygen atom is connected to two other carbon atoms that are linked in some way. The simplest epoxy has a three-membered ring structure, which is called "1 and 2 epoxy" or "alpha epoxy" (Dadiyuk and Goodman[25], 2013; Ratna[26], 2010). rtl;">Epoxy resin compounds were developed from the late nineteenth century (in 1891) (Lee[27], 1967).

    In the late 1930s, two researchers separately made epoxy resin from a combination of epichlorohydrin[28] and bisphenol A[29], which became the first epoxy resin available. In 1936, Dr. Pierre Castan[30], who was working in a company in Zurich [31]
    Germany, developed epoxy resin, this thermoset resin was obtained by reacting with an anhydride. In 1955, the American Shell [32] company produced an aminoepoxy adduct as a curing agent. In 1958, the first industrial coatings for the painting industry were prepared in the form of solid resins (May [33], 1987).

    In the 1980s, increasing the requirements in composite industries for aerospace and defense applications, multi-factor epoxy resins with high efficiency based on phenolic and amine complex structures were expanded.

  • Contents & References of Modifying the behavior of epoxy resin by increasing softener and accelerator

    List:

    Title                                             Page

    Abstract. 1

    Chapter One: Introduction.

    11 Introduction. 2

    12 statement of the problem. 2

    13 Necessity of doing research. 3

    14 research objectives. 3

    15 research hypotheses. 3

    Chapter Two: An overview of the conducted research.

    21 Introduction. 4

    22 epoxy resin. 4

    23 History. 5

    24 making epoxy resin. 5

    25 hardening. 6

    251 baking process with amine. 7

    252 baking process with anhydride. 8

    253 Phenolic curing agents. 8

    254 sulphurous curing agents. 9

    26 accelerators. 9

    27 Softeners. 10

    28 properties of epoxy resins. 10

    29 application of epoxy resin. 11

    The third chapter: Materials and methods.

    31 Introduction. 12

    3 2 materials. 12

    33 working methods. 12

    3-3-1 Observations. 14

    34 used devices. 14

    341 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). 14

    342 thermal analyzer (TGA). 15

    343 compressive modulus measuring device. 15

    Chapter four: results and discussion.

    41 Introduction. 16

    411 Softening effect on glass transition temperature. 16

    412 the effect of the softening agent of destruction. 18

    413% of volatile substances. 23

    414 Needle indentation test. 25

    415 softening effect on compressive modulus. 25

    416 chemical resistance in solvent. 26

    427 water permeability. 28

    Chapter Five: Conclusion.

    51 Introduction. 30

    511 effect of temperature. 30

    512 Effect of softener and epoxies on Tg 30

    513 Degradation temperature. 31

    514% volatile matter. 31

    515 Effect of plasticizer on compressive modulus. 31

    516 permeability to water. 31

    517 chemical resistance. 31

    518 rate of accelerator. 32

    519 types of resin. 32

    52 Justifying the behavior of anhydride. 32

    List of sources. 33

    Persian sources. 33

    List of English sources. 34

    Appendix A. 37

    English abstract. 40

    Source:

     

     

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    2- ASTM D543. Standard Practices for Evaluating the Resistance of Plastics to Chemical Reagents. 2006.

     

    3- ASTM D2832. Standard Guide for Determining Volatile and Nonvolatile Content of      

    Paint and Related Coatings. 2011.

     

    4- ASTM D3895. Standard Test Method for Oxidative-Induction Time Polyolefins by

    Differential Scanning Calorimetry. 2007.

     

    5- ASTM D3850. Standard Test Method for Rapid Thermal Degradation of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials by Thermogravimetric Method (TGA). 2006.

    6- ASTM D570. Standard Test Method for Water Absorption of Plastics. 2010. 7- Balasubramanya P, Natarajan K. 2014. Mechanical and Morphological Studies of Modified Epoxy Resin Matrix for Composite Applications.  Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Journal, 4(1): 281-288. 8- Ben Saleh A, Mohd Ishak Z, Hashim A, Kamil W, Ishiaku U. 2014. Synthesis and Characterization of Liquid Natural Rubber as Impact Modifier for Epoxy Resin.       Physics Procedia Journal, 55: 129-137 9- Chen J, Kinloch A, Sprenger S, Taylor A. 2013. The Mechanical Properties and Toughening Mechanisms of an Epoxy Polymer Modified with Polysiloxan-based Core-Shell Particles. Polymer Journal, 54: 4276-4289.

     

    10- Grimsley B, Hubert P, Song X, Cano R, Loos A, Pipes R. 2002. Effects of Amine

    and Anhydride Curing Agents on the Vartm Matrix Processing Properties. SAMPE Journal, 38(4): 8-15. 11- Hardis, R., Jessop J, Peters F.E. Kessler M.R. 2013. Cure Kinetics Characterization and

    Monitoring of an Epoxy Resin UsingCure Kinetics Characterization and Monitoring of an Epoxy Resin Using DSC, Raman Spectroscopy, and DEA. Composites. Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing Journal, 49: 100-108. 12- Khosravi E, Musa O. 2011. Thermally Degradable Thermosetting Materials. European Polymer Journal, 47: 465-473. 13- Kinloch A.J, Lee S.H, Taylor A.C. 2014. Improving the Fracture Toughness and the Cyclic-Fatigue Resistance of Epoxy-Polymer Blend, Polymr Journal, 55: 6325-6334. 14- Lu Sh, Ban J, Yu Ch, Deng W. 2010. Properties of Epoxy Resins Modified with Liquid Crystalline Polyurethane. Iranian Polymer Journal 19 (9): 669-678.

      

    15- Odegard G.M., Jensen B.D, Gowtham S., Wu J, He J, Zhang Z. 2014. Predicting

    Mechanical Response of Cross linked Epoxy Using ReaxFF. Chemical Physics Letters, 591: 175-178. 16- Rane U. G, Sabnis A, Shertukde V. 2014. Synthesis and Characterization of Imide Containing Hybrid Epoxy Resin with Improved Mechanical and Thermal Properties. International Journal of Polymer Science, 2014: 10 p.

    17- Singla M, Chawla V. 2010. Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Resin – Fly Ash Composite.

    Journal of Minerals & Materials Characterization & Engineering, 9(3): 199-210.

     

    18- Sprenger, S. 2013. Epoxy resin Composites with Surface?Modified Silicon Dioxide

    Nanoparticles: A review.  Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 130(3): 1421-1428. 19- Souza J, Reis J. 2013. Thermal behavior of DGEBA (Diglycidyl Ether of Bisphenol A) Adhesives and its Influence on the Strength of Joints. Applied Adhesion. Science, 1(6): 1-10.                   

     

    20- Merad, L., Benyoucef B., Abadie M.J.M., Charles J.P. 2014. Characterization and Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Resin Reinforced with TiO2 Nanoparticles.   Experimental Techniques, 38(1): 59-66. 21- Ardebili H, Petch M. 2009. Encapsulation Technologies for Electronic Application. 1st

    edn. Andrew W, 504 p.

     

    22- Braun D, ??Cherdon H, Ritter H. 2001. Polymer Synthesis: Theory and Practice:

    Fundamentals, Methods, Experiments; with 31 Tables. Springer Science & Business Media, 333 p. 23- Dodiuk H, Goodman S. 2013. Handbook of Thermoset Plastics. Andrew W, 800 p.

    24- Ebewel H O. 1996. Polymer Science and Technology. New York: CRC Press, 530 p.

    25- Kutz M. 2012. Handbook of Environmental Degradation of Materials. Ray S, Cooney R.

    Thermal Degradation of Polymer and Polymer Composites. Andrew W. 936 p.

     

    26- Lee H., Neville K. 1967. Handbook of epoxy resins. New York. McGraw-Hill. 922p.

     

    27- Lobo H, Bonilla J. 2003. Handbook of Plastic Analysis. New York. Marcel Dekker, Inc.        

    620 p.

    28- Lobo H, Bonilla J. 2003. Handbook of Plastic Analysis. Salamon A W., Fielder K J.

    Practical Uses of Differential Scanning Calorimetry for Plastics. New York. Marcel Dekker, Inc. 620 p.

    29- Lobo H, Bonilla J. 2003. Handbook of Plastic Analysis. Kinzy S, Falcon R. Thermogravimetric Analysis of Polymers. New York. Marcel Dekker, Inc. 620 p.

     

    30- May C. 1987. Epoxy Resins: Chemistry and Technology.  2nd edn. New York: CRC Press,

    1288 p.

    31- Ratna D. 2007. Epoxy Composites: Impact Resistance and Retardancy. iSmithers Rapra

    Publishing, 118 p.

     

    32- Yang J. Modification of Epoxy Resins with Functional Hyper branched Poly(Arylene

    Ester) s. chapter 8, Literature Review of Epoxy Toughening. 154-169. 1998. PhD thesis.  

    Virginia.

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