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  3. Quantitative and qualitative extraction and analysis of essential oils of different extracts of Achillea filipendula

Quantitative and qualitative extraction and analysis of essential oils of different extracts of Achillea filipendula

Number of pages: 179 File Format: word File Code: 31825
Year: 2014 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering
Tags/Keywords: Achillea filipendula - Borneo - Centolina alcohol - Cineol - E-beta-osciman - essential oil - Medicinal plants - Medicinal properties of essential oil
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  • Summary of Quantitative and qualitative extraction and analysis of essential oils of different extracts of Achillea filipendula

    Dissertation for Master's Degree

    Treatment of Chemistry and Technology of Essential Oil

    Persian summary

    Yarrow genus in Iran has 19 species of perennial and often aromatic herbs, six of which are unique to Iran.  Achillea filipendula with the Persian name of Zagros yarrow is one of the native species of this genus in Iran. Different parts of yarrow species are widely used in traditional medicine due to their multiple medicinal properties, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic and antioxidant activities. This research was conducted with the aim of determining the quantity and quality of the essential oil of different populations of Zagros yarrow (Achillea filipendula) in agricultural conditions. For this purpose, first the seeds of different populations of Zagros yarrow were collected from different habitats and for the first time, they were cultivated in the same environmental conditions in the research farm of Alborz Research Station located in Karaj city. In order to quantitatively and qualitatively compare the essential oil of flowering branches, after collecting different populations at the peak of flowering and drying in the shade, essential oil was extracted from the flowering branches of all populations by water distillation. Also, the essential oils of different organs (leaves, flowers, stems, and the entire aerial branch) were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively for one of the samples. The resulting essential oils were quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography connected to a mass spectrometer (GC/Mass) and while calculating the efficiency of essential oils, their constituent compounds were identified.

    In comparing the essential oil obtained from different organs, the highest yield of essential oil (w/w relative to dry weight) was obtained from flower (0.67%) and leaf (0.77%) and the lowest yield of essential oil was obtained from stem (0.11%). The yield of essential oil of the whole flowering branch was also 0.6%. According to these results, all the aerial parts of this plant have essential oil separately, although there are differences in the yield of essential oil and differences and similarities in their components. Contrary to previous researches, which usually used only the flowers of various yarrow species to extract essential oils, it can be recommended to use the entire aerial part for essential oil extraction. The amount of 1,8-cineole in the essential oils varied from 5.5% (in the stem essential oil) to 33.7% in the flowering branch essential oil. The lowest amount of centolina alcohol (4.2%) was observed in the stem essential oil and the highest amount (23.5%) was observed in the leaf essential oil. The highest amount of neryl acetate (58.3%) was observed in the stem essential oil. Also, the essential oil of the stem had the lowest amount of borneol (3.4%) and the essential oil of the flowering branch had the maximum amount of borneol (20.4%). When comparing the essential oil of the flowering branch of different populations, the results showed that the efficiency of the essential oils varied from 0.13% to 1.20%. The lowest amount of essential oil yield was related to the population of Ardabil province, Meshkin Shahr 2 (0.13 percent) and the highest amount of essential oil yield was related to the population of West Azarbaijan, Piranshahr city (1.20 percent). Also, the analysis of essential oils showed that all the extracts studied were placed in four distinct clusters based on cluster analysis. The main composition of the essential oil in cluster 1 (including two populations) was alphapinene and bornyl acetate, and the highest amount of borneyl acetate (9.3%) and alphapinene (6.6%) was observed in the populations of Bane 1 and Bane 2, respectively. . In the essential oils of cluster 2 extracts (including fourteen populations), the amount of bornel acetate and alpha-pinene was much lower than the populations of cluster 1, and these populations were grouped in a completely distinct manner based on the amounts of borneol, centolinal alcohol, 8,1-cineole, cis-chrysanthenyl acetate, camphor, germacran D compounds. Cluster 2 was divided into two clusters 3 and 4. The populations of cluster 3 (including five populations) were distinguished by the higher mean value of 8.1-cineole and the populations of cluster 4 (including nine populations) by the higher mean values ??of centolinalcohol. Meshkinshahr2 population in cluster 3 was a rich source of 8,1-cineole (73.5%) and Tabriz population had the highest amount of borneol (20.4%) among all samples. Cluster 4 was divided into two clusters 5 and 6. . Populations of cluster 5 had a high average amount of two compounds 8,1-cineole and cis-chrysanthenyl acetate. Sardasht population, cluster 5 had the highest amount of camphor (8%) and cis-chrysanthenyl acetate (14.3%), and Marivan population had the highest amount of Germakarn D (6.4%). Cluster 6 populations had a higher mean of centolina alcohol.Isthaban population of cluster 6 had the highest amount of centolinal alcohol (30.6 percent).

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    Key words Achillea filipendula:, essential oil, 8,1-cineole, centolinal alcohol, borneol, e-beta-ocimene

    Chapter I

    General

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

    Introduction

    The increasing attention of scientific, medical and pharmaceutical circles to medicinal plants and herbal medicines and their products, as well as the increasing trend of consumption of these plants in all countries, has made these plants and their products open a new place among medicines and even in some Avoid chemical drugs in cases of predation. Especially, the many reports that are continuously announced about the results of new researches regarding the treatment of incurable diseases with these plants, have caused the interest and attention of the people, and this attention and interest causes the invasion of artisans and exploiters to the habitats and nature and the indiscriminate harvesting of these plants. Also, the lack of adequate management for proper exploitation, the lack of exploitation instructions along with the lack of awareness of the operators and finally the indiscriminate and unlimited harvests of these plants have caused the gradual reduction of some species from the natural areas and habitats and will eventually lead to the genetic erosion and extinction of these species and this danger will seriously threaten nature and valuable medicinal species in the future. In this regard, by guiding and encouraging the users and practitioners of medicinal plants to plant and produce these plants, effective steps can be taken to prevent the destruction of natural resources.

    Also, with a strategic view of drug production in the world and in advanced countries, which in the past years compared to the import of 550 million dollars of medicinal raw materials, the amount of drug exports amounted to 76 billion dollars, the importance of paying attention to the production of drugs in our country is well known.

    The medicinal use of medicinal plants has been customary in Iran since ancient times. Moreover, due to its special geographical location, Iran has a great variety of species. The number of plant species in Iran alone is several times that of the European continent. In the meantime, many of these species are medicinal plants, but unfortunately, their medicinal value is not yet known. Therefore, it is necessary to identify, use and preserve these genetic reserves. Today, plants containing effective substances are used in the grouping of medicinal plants, aromatic plants, and spices based on their type and method of consumption to produce various medicinal, food, and cosmetic products, and their importance and global demand is increasing every day. Many plants are used for their essential oil, and due to the medicinal properties of the essential oil of some medicinal plants, how to extract and preserve it is important (1).

    1-1.  Statement of the problem

    Since the cultivation and domestication of the country's valuable medicinal and aromatic species can be placed on the agenda of researchers and producers of medicinal plants in the country, in this research, first, the seeds of different accessions of Caspian yarrow (16 accessions) were collected from different habitats and cultivated in the same environmental conditions in the research farm of the Alborz Research Station located in Karaj city, affiliated to the Research Institute of Forests and Pastures of the country. In this project, quantitative and qualitative evaluation and comparison of essential oils of different extracts of this yarrow species is considered. For this purpose, the flowers of each of the different accessions of this species are collected at the peak of flowering and after drying, they are essentialized by steam distillation. The resulting essential oils are quantitatively and qualitatively identified using gas chromatography (GC) and chromatography connected to a mass spectrometer (GC-MASS) devices, and finally, a quantitative and qualitative comparison and evaluation of the essential oils of different extracts of this species of cultivated yarrow will be done.

    1-2.

  • Contents & References of Quantitative and qualitative extraction and analysis of essential oils of different extracts of Achillea filipendula

    List:

    Persian summary.. 1

    Chapter one: General

    Introduction.. 3

    1-1. Statement of the problem.. 3

    1-2. The necessity of the importance of the subject.. 4

    1-3. Objectives.. 4

    Chapter Two: Review of past texts

    2-1. Composite family.. 6

    2-2. Characteristics of Yarrow genus.. 9

    2-2-1. Yarrow habitat and distribution. 10

    2-2-2. Economic importance and uses of yarrow. 10

    2-2-3. Ecological needs of yarrow plant. 12

    2-3. The position of Zagros yarrow in the plant world. 12

    2-3-1. Botanical characteristics of Zagros yarrow (Achillea filipendula). 15

    2-4. Research background on different species of yarrow. 16

    2-4-1. Background of research inside Iran. 18

    2-4-2. Research background outside Iran. 18

    2-5. Essential oils and their medicinal effects. 20

    2-5-1. Essential oils.. 20

    2-5-2. Formation and replacement of essential oils. 20

    2-5-3. Effective factors in the quality of essential oils. 21

    2-5-4. The effect of vegetation areas on the amount of essential oil. 22

    2-5-5. The quantity and quality of essential oil in different organs. 22

    2-6. Properties of essential oils.. 23

    2-6-1. Physical properties of essential oils. 23

    2-6-2. Chemical properties of essential oils. 26

    2-7. Pharmacological effects of essential oils. 29

    2-7-1. Digestive effects.. 30

    2-7-2. Cardiovascular effects.. 31

    2-7-3. Respiratory effects.. 32

    2-7-4. The effect of reducing blood sugar.. 33

    2-7-5. Antimicrobial and antifungal effects. 34

    2-7-6. Skin effects.. 35

    2-8. Chemical composition of essential oils. 36

    2-8-1. Terpenoids.. 38

    2-8-2. Phenylpropanoids.. 38

    2-9. Combinations of essential oils.. 39

    2-9-1. Alcohols.. 39

    2-9-2. Esters.. 39

    2-9-3. Aromatic hydrocarbons.. 40

    2-9-4. Oxides.. 40

    2-9-5. Aldehydes.. 41

    2-9-6. Ketones.. 41

    2-9-7. Phenols.. 44

    2-9-8. Phenolic ethers.. 48

    2-9-9. Acids.. 49

    2-9-10. Essential oils containing nitrogen and sulfur compounds. 50

    2-10.  Different ways of consuming essential oils. 51

    2-11. Side effects caused by the use of essential oils. 52

    2-12. Storage of essential oils.. 52

    2-13. Methods of preparing and extracting essential oils. 52

    2-13-1. Distillation method with water (Hydro Distillation). 53

    2-13-2. Distillation method with water and steam (Water & Steam Distillation). 53

    2-13-3. Distillation method with direct steam (Direct Steam Distillation). 53

    2-13-4. Extraction by enzymes. 54

    2-13-5. Normal heat pressing method (Exprssion). 55

    2-13-6. Ecuelle method.. 55

    2-13-7. Extraction by volatile organic solvents. 56

    2-13-8. Extraction by non-volatile solvents. 56

    2-13-8-1. Extraction with cold fat (Enfleurange). 57

    2-13-8-2. Extraction with hot fat (Maceration). 58

    2-14. Analysis and identification methods of essential oils. 59

    2-14-1. Distillation part by part.. 61

    2-14-2. Chromatography.. 62

    2-14-2-1. Thin layer chromatography (TLC). 62

    2-14-2-2. Gas chromatography. 63

    2-14-2-3. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). 63

    2-14-3. Mass spectrometry.. 64

    2-15. Application of inhibition index in identification of components of essential oils. 64

    Chapter Three: Materials and Methods

    3-1. Plant resources used.. 68

    3-2. Climatic characteristics of the studied cultivated plant area. 71

    3-2-1. Climatic and agricultural characteristics of the project implementation area. 71

    3-2-2. Characteristics of the soil where the plants are grown. 71

    3-2-3. Tested plant material. 71

    3-3. Collecting herbs and drying. 71

    3-4. Extracting essential oils by distillation with water. 72

    3-4-1. The method of extracting essential oils from plants. 72

    3-4-2. Calculation of efficiency of essential oil.. 73

    3-5. Analysis and identification of essential oil constituents. 74

    3-5-1. GC device.. 75

    3-5-2. GC/MS device.. 75

    3-6. Work analysis.. 75

    Chapter Four: Results

    4-1. Essential oil yield of different samples of Achillea filipendula. 78

    4-2. Essential oil yield of different organs of Achillea filipendula random sample. 79

    4-3. Constituent compoundsCompositions of essential oils of different organs of Achillea filipendula. 81

    4-4. Compositions of the essential oil of the flowering branch of different accessions of Achillea filipendula 84

    4-5. Comparison of essential oil yield of different populations of Zagros yarrow. 85

    4-5-1. Comparison of essential oil efficiency of different parts of a random sample of Zagros yarrow. 87

    4-6. Checking the quality of essential oil of different samples of Zagros yarrow. 68

    4-6-1. Investigating the quality of the essential oil of different parts of a random sample of yarrow from Zagros. 71

    4-6-2. Investigating the quality of the essential oil of the flowering branches of different Zagros yarrow accessions. 71

    4-7. Investigating the properties of some chemical compounds in Zagrossi Yarrow essential oil. 71

    4-7-1. Alpha-pinene. 71

    4-7-2. beta-pinene. 71

    4-7-3. they die 72

    4-7-4. Kampen. 72

    4-7-5. 1,8-cineole. 73

    4-7-6. Santolina alcohol. 74

    4-7-7. E-beta-osciman. 75

    4-7-8. Gamma-terpinene. 75

    4-7-9. trans-pinocarovel. 75

    4-7-10. camphor 71

    4-7-11. Borneo. 71

    4-7-12. Terpinen-4-ol. 72

    4-7-13. Alpha-terpineol. 72

    4-7-14. cis-chrysanthenyl acetate. 73

    4-7-15. Bornyl acetate. 74

    4-7-16. Naryl Acetate 75

    4-7-17. Germachern D. 75

    4-7-18. Spatulenol. 75

    4-8. Descriptive statistics including mean, maximum, minimum and standard deviation for each of the studied combinations based on the analysis of 16 A. filipendula populations. 71

    4-9. Decomposition into main components. 71

    4-10. Cluster analysis based on essential oil compounds. 71

    Chapter five: discussion and suggestions

    5-1. discussion 90

    5-1-1. General conclusion. 90

    5-2. Suggestions. 90

    Resources. 93

    English summary. 105

    Appendixes. 106

     

     

    Source:

     

     

    1- Ebrahimi, A., 1379, proposed plan for organizing research on medicinal plants and herbal medicines to the commission of the Supreme Council of the Ministry of Jihadism.

    2- Ehsani, A., 1389, investigation of the antimicrobial effects of leaf and fruit essences of different species juniper Master's thesis "Microbiology", Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Faculty of Sciences, p.94

    3- Azadbakht, M., 1378. Classification of medicinal plants, Tehran: Timurzadeh Publishing Cultural Institute (Nasher Tabib), 296-309.

    4- Azadi, B., 1382-1383, investigation of the essential components of the leaves and peel of orange orange in northern Iran. GC/MS method, General Ph.D. Thesis "Pharmacy", Islamic Azad University, Pharmaceutical Sciences Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, p. 89

    5-Stock, R., Warais, S.B.F., translated by Seyyed Waqif, H., Manzori, J., 1371. Chromatography methods, Tehran University Publishing Center.

    6- Omid Beigi, R., 1384, production and processing of medicinal plants, Astan Quds Razavi Publications, to be published, second volume, p. 438

    7- Omid Beigi, R., 1379, Cultivation of medicinal plants and important points about them. Razi magazine, fifth year, number 7, pp. 39 and 24

    8- Omidbeigi, R., 1374, Approaches to the production and processing of medicinal plants, Tehran: Feker Rooz Publications, Volume 1, p. 78

    9- Omidbeigi, M., 1385, The effect of essential oils of thyme, marze, and cloves in preventing the growth of Aspergillus flavus in tomato paste, bachelor's thesis Senior "Agriculture", Tarbiat Modares University, Faculty of Agriculture, p. 83

    10- Omidbeigi, R., 1379, Approaches to the production and processing of medicinal plants, 2nd edition, Designers of Publishing.

    11- Aine Chi, Y., 1370, Medical terminology and medicinal plants of Iran, Tehran University Press, pp. 272-273 and 280.

    12- Jaimand, K., 1385, essential oil, distillation devices, test methods and inhibition indices in the breakdown of essential oil, Medicinal Plants Association.

    13- Jaimand, K., Rezaei, M., 1383, investigation of the chemical composition of the essential oil of the aerial parts of Achillea millefolium plant with distillation methods, medicinal plant research and Iran's perfumery, volume 20, number 2, p. 181-190

    14- Jaimand, K., Rezaei, M., Mirza, M., Ahmadi, L., Barazande, M., 1380, Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Iran, Volume 9, Publication No. 269, Forest and Range Research Institute. Chemical composition of Achillea eriophora DC flower and leaf essential oil with distillation methods, Iranian Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, Volume 20, Number 1, p. 89

    16- Jaimand, K., Rezaei, B., 1382

Quantitative and qualitative extraction and analysis of essential oils of different extracts of Achillea filipendula
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