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  3. Examining and selecting the appropriate water purification system produced with oil for use in oil platforms

Examining and selecting the appropriate water purification system produced with oil for use in oil platforms

Number of pages: 140 File Format: word File Code: 31811
Year: 2014 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Biology - Environment
Tags/Keywords: CFU - Compact flotation unit - Environmental effects - Oil extraction - Oil platform - Produced water with oil - Purification - PW - Tanks
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  • Summary of Examining and selecting the appropriate water purification system produced with oil for use in oil platforms

    Dissertation for M.Sc.

    Chemical-Environmental Engineering

    Abstract

     

    Water produced with oil, which contains a mixture of organic and inorganic compounds, is considered as the biggest waste in upstream oil industries. With the increase in extraction from oil and gas reservoirs, the volume of this water is increasing day by day, and its inappropriate discharge on land and sea will bring many environmental problems. Until now, various methods have been used to purify produced water in marine areas, but most of them are only suitable for removing primary pollution, and a more effective system for purification is needed so that produced water can be reused or discharged into the environment. One of the most important factors in determining the operating method in offshore platforms is the space limitation. In oil platforms, the use of intensive chemical and physical methods has been common in the past and today. In this article, the CFU technology, which has been used in marine areas since 2000, is introduced as the most suitable production water purification system compared to other technologies used. The proper efficiency of separation, flexibility, insensitivity to various fluctuations, low cost and the small space required of this system have forced oil companies to use this technology more than before.

    Key words: oil produced water (PW), environmental effects, purification, oil platform, compact flotation unit (CFU)

    Introduction

    Today, in different regions of the world, various operations are carried out on land and sea in order to extract oil and gas. One of the permanent problems in oil and gas production is the process of producing water from reservoirs, which is an inseparable part of the process of producing hydrocarbons. This produced water is similar to oil or gas produced in terms of quality due to its proximity to reservoirs. In addition, various substances are used during various stages from discovery to production, some of which are dangerous and toxic and can have harmful effects in various aspects. In the stage of extraction from an oil or gas well, the accompanying water is one of the pollutants produced during this process and will definitely have its effects on the environment. In many regions of the world, laws and regulations have been established to prevent environmental pollution, and even in some regions, many activities that lead to the production of dangerous oil and gas waste have been banned. The limit of oil and oil in produced water for discharging into the sea in Australia is 30 mg/lit daily average and 50 mg/lit monthly average. Regarding substances that cause significant concern from the point of view of the environment, most countries have regulated strict and strict standards for the discharge of produced water. For example, the average monthly limit for discharge of oil and oil in produced water in Venezuela is equal to 20 mg/lit. In our country, the amount of oil and oil in produced water for discharge is 15 mg/lit on average per day based on the Kuwait Convention. The ever-increasing growth of industrial activities on the one hand and non-compliance with environmental requirements and improper production waste management on the other hand have caused large amounts of waste from oil activities to enter the environment in the last few decades. If proper planning is not done for the treatment or removal of the wastes that are discharged into the environment, this important issue can have adverse effects. The environmental effects of hydrocarbons and toxic substances in produced water on the ecosystem, plants, animals and humans will be one of the most important topics. Nowadays, the increasing public awareness about the environment in the production process from oil and gas wells has made companies and buyers pay attention to this matter, so that environmental issues play a decisive role in the selection of equipment as well as the use of new technologies to dispose of these substances and minimize pollution. Its pollution will be significantly reduced with correct and innovative management practices.

    According to the increasing development of the oil and gas industry in our country and the fact that usually with the passage of time and for various reasons, the production of water with oil and gas increases day by day, taking into account the necessary measures to reduce these damages and prevent them.

    According to the increasing development of the oil and gas industry in our country and the fact that normally with the passage of time and for various reasons, the production of water along with oil and gas increases day by day, it seems necessary to consider the necessary measures to reduce these damages and prevent it.

    According to this necessity and the fact that the environmental issue has gained a good place in oil companies in recent years, this research examines various issues of produced water, methods of purifying produced water and Choosing the right method for purifying the accompanying water in oil and gas production platforms in the sea has been discussed. It is worth noting that this thesis was supported by Iranian Continental Shelf Oil Company and in cooperation with the research and development unit of this company. Chapter 1: Overview Oil produced water (PW) [1]

    Sedimentary rocks that currently include different sedimentary layers, initially result from the deposition of sediments from oceans, seas, lakes and other streams. have been These sediments naturally contain a lot of water. This water is still buried with these sediments and remains and is considered as Connate water millions of years later. Many large sedimentary layers were initially associated with the waters of the oceans and seas, so in such sediments, the accompanying water was originally seawater. However, during different years, events occur during which the oil, which is composed of organic materials deposited with these sediments, migrates from what is called source rock to sedimentary rocks with greater permeability and permeability. Oil has a lower density than water, so it comes to the surface of the water and the water is placed in the lower layers. Abstract: Produced water which contains inorganic & organic components is one of the largest wastes in upstream. By increasing the production of oil & gas, the volume of the produced water is increasing as well, that causes many environmental problems when it is dumped into the land and the sea improperly. So far, many different ways have been tested & utilized for water treatment in offshore, but most of them were proper only for the primary pollution control and in fact the better and more efficient system were required to make the produced water reusable or safe to return to the nature. One of the most determining factors within the offshore platforms is the limitation of the space. In the past, in oil platforms the utilization of compact chemical & physical methods were usual.  In this article the CFU Technology which has been used for water treatment of produced oil from the year 2000 in offshore, will be introduced; and it will be compared with the other technologies which have been used. In this technology, the high efficiency of the separation, the flexibility, non-sensitivity to the different input, lower costs & small space requirement in this system, obliged the oil companies to utilize this technology.

  • Contents & References of Examining and selecting the appropriate water purification system produced with oil for use in oil platforms

    List:

    Abstract ..1

    Introduction..2

    Chapter One: General ..4

    Produced water with oil ..5

    Factors affecting the volume of produced water..7

    Contamination of produced water..8

    Chemical and physical characteristics of produced water..11

    1-4-1) Chemical properties..11

    1-4-2) Physical properties..13

    Management of produced water..15

    Environmental effects of produced water..20

    1-6-1) Effects of hydrocarbons in produced water..20

    1-6-2) Effects of salt in produced water..22

    1-6-3) The effects of heavy metals in produced water..23

    1-6-4) The effects of radioactive substances in produced water..23

    Chapter two: an overview of studies and research done by researchers.24

    2-1) Various studies on produced water with oil and its treatment methods.25

    Chapter three: objectives, methods and Production water separation and purification equipment. 26

    3-1) Production water purification goals..27

    3-2) Different methods of production water purification in the oil industry..31

    3-2-1) Physical purification..31

    3-2-2) Chemical purification..32

    3-2-3) Biological purification..34

    3-2-4) membrane filtration..36

    3-2-5) combined membrane systems..37

    3-3) production water separation and purification equipment..38

    3-3-1) settling tanks and skimmer vessels..41

    3-3-2) API separators..41

    3-3-3) Plate Coalescers..42

    3-3-1) PPI separators..42

    3-3-3-CPI separators..43

    3-3-3) Transverse flow equipment..45

    3-3-4) Skimmer, Coalescers..47

    3-3-5) Precipitators, filters Coalescing..47

    3-3-6) (SP Packs) Free-Flow Turbulent Coalescers.48

    3-3-7) Flotation units..48

    3-3-7-1) Dissolved Gas flotation units..49

    3-3-7-2) Dispersed Gas flotation units..49

    3-3-7-3) ISF units..52

    3-3-7-4) GLR Microbubble or MBF flotation systems.53

    3-3-8) Hydrocyclones..54

    3-3-9) Centrifuge systems..56

    3-3-10) method Extraction..56

    3-3-10-1) CTour process..57

    3-3-10-2) Epcon CFU..59

    3-3-10-3) MPPE process..59

    3-3-11) Biological methods..60

    3-3-11-1) System HUMASORB-CSBTM..60

    3-3-11-2) FBR..62

    3-3-11-3) Anaerobic treatment in UASB reactor..63

    3-3-12) Surface adsorption method..65

    3-3-12-1) Surface adsorption on ET # 1..65

    3-3-12-2) Polishing process..66

    3-3-12-3) proposed method of TORR..67

    3-3-12-4) technology of using a certain type of ceramic..68

    3-3-12-5) surface adsorption on activated carbon..69

    3-3-13) use of chemicals..70

    3-3-13-1) oxidizing chemicals..70

    3-3-13-1) Clarifying chemicals..71

    3-3-14) Disposal Piles..73

    3-3-15) Skim pile..73

     

     

    Chapter four: Choosing the most suitable production water treatment system in Oil platforms. 74

    4-1) Introduction of Epcon CFU technology..76

    4-2) Epcon CFU applications..83

    4-3) Comparison of CFU performance in test and implementation mode..84

    4-4) Cleaning of oil in production water..86

    4-5) Cleaning of aromatic compounds..89

    4-6) Cleaning of other aromatic hydrocarbons..94

    4-7) CFU sensitivity to flow fluctuations..103

    4-8) CFU sensitivity to gas concentration fluctuations..103

    4-9) CFU sensitivity to oil sludge fluctuation..105

    4-10) Comparison of CFU performance and hydrocyclone combination and Gazzda..106

    11-4) Comparison of CFU and centrifuge performance..108

    4-12) Manufacturers of zero discharge technologies..109

    4-13) Comparison between CFU and MPPE in the separation of aromatic components.110

    4-14) Overall performance comparison of MPPE, C Tour Crudesorb, and CFU.113

    4-15) Case studies in different regions in the use of CFU..114

    Chapter five: results and suggestions. Farsi..127

    List of Latin sources..129

    English abstract..131

    English title page..132

    Original letter (specific133

     

     

     

    Source:

     

    List of Persian sources

    1- Abbasi Mazar, Z. (1389), "Quantitative and qualitative investigation of water produced with oil and tests related to its treatability for different applications", Master's Thesis of Chemical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology

    2- Yar Ghasemi Dera Nayi, M. (1390), "A Review of Water and Wastewater Treatment Technologies in Iran's Oil Upstream Industries", Second National Conference on Effluent and Waste Management in Oil and Energy Industries

    3- Nouri Taleghani, M. (2012), "Review on the environmental effects of oil wastes", the 3rd Conference on Effluent and Industrial Waste Management

    4- Kolbe Zanjanab, vol. (2012), "Water purification technologies produced in oil and gas industries", the first national conference on environmental protection and planning

    5- Gholamzadeh, M. (2007), "Management and disposal of water produced from oil and gas reservoirs and appropriate environmental solutions", 4th Geology and Environment Conference

    6- Sherka, A. (1387), "Injection of drilling waste through the Daliz", the first national congress of the drilling industry of Iran

    7- Rasouli, M. (1386), "Environmental Effects of Drilling in the Sea", 9th Marine Industries Conference

    8- Gadami Jagerloui, M. (1389), "Production water with oil and introduction of a solution to reduce its damage", 9th marine industry conference, 2nd fuel, energy and environment conference

    9- Moradi Dolatabadi, M. (2008), "Identifying and solving the problems of oil and gas wells in the production phase", National Chemistry Conference

    10- Madaeni, S. (1384), "Industrial Membrane Processes", Razi University Publications

    11- Mehraki, M. (2008), "Harmful effects of coning and water production in oil and gas reservoirs on the environment", National Chemistry Conference

    12- Petrochemical Research and Technology Company. (2008), "Biological treatment of industrial effluents", specialized workshop of modern water and wastewater treatment methods, Petrochemical Special Economic Zone

    13- Debirnia, S. (2013), "Water produced from oil and gas reservoirs, a review of pollutants and technologies used for its treatment", the first national conference on environmental protection and planning

    14- Tabatabaei Qomsheh, M. (1391), "Reviewing the advantages and disadvantages of common processes in the treatment of petroleum wastes", the first national conference on water treatment and industrial wastes

    15- Gadami Jagerloui, M. (1389), "Water pollution produced from oil reservoirs and the use of biotechnology in reducing damage to the environment", the first national conference on effluent and waste management in oil and energy industries

    16- Shamsi, R. (1389), "Purification of produced water with oil is an important step in environmental protection", the first national conference of modern sciences and technologies in the oil refining industry

    17- Emraei, A. (1389), "Filtration and treatment of production effluents from crude oil extraction and processing", the first national conference on effluent and waste management in oil and energy industries

    List of Latin sources

    18- Perry, L., (2001), "Water Technology Department in the Twenty-First Century: What Should We Do, not what Can We Do?", Stanford University.

    19- Burnett, D., and Pankratz, T., (2004), "Recovery of Fresh Water Resources from Desalination of Brine Produced during Oil and Gas Production Operation”, Report to the Texas Water Development Board.

    20- Redwek, R., (2004), “Produced Water from the Production of Crude Oil, Natural Gas”, U.S.DOE NETL Report.

    21- Tsang, P., and Martin, C., (2004), “Economic Evaluation of Treating Oil Field Produced Water for Potable Use”, GPRI Non-Confidential Briefing.

    22- Hartley, J., and Ferbrache, J., (1983), "Biological monitoring of the Forties Oilfield (North Sea)", In: Proceedings", Oil Spill Conference (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup), San Antonio, Texas.

    23- Davies, J., Addy, J., Blackman, R., Blanchard, J., Moore, D., Somerville, H., Whitehead, A., and Wilkinson, T., (1984), "Environmental effects of the use of oil-based drilling muds in the North Sea". Marine Pollution Bulletin 15, 363-370.

    24- Gray J.

Examining and selecting the appropriate water purification system produced with oil for use in oil platforms
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