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  3. Modeling and simulation of the electrostatic desalination process of crude oil

Modeling and simulation of the electrostatic desalination process of crude oil

Number of pages: 104 File Format: word File Code: 31808
Year: 2014 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering
Tags/Keywords: corrosiveness - Desalination process - Desalting device - Electrostatic - Electrostatics of crude oil - mixing valve - Modeling - Salt water emulsion - Simulation
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  • Summary of Modeling and simulation of the electrostatic desalination process of crude oil

    Master thesis in

     

    Chemical Engineering (simulation and process control)

     

    Abstract

     

    Modeling and simulation of the electrostatic desalination process of crude oil

     

    By effort

    Ariafard's inspiration

    The aim of this research is to model the desalination process of crude oil based on the population balance method. For this purpose, the one- and two-stage electrostatic desalination process, which includes the mixing valve and the electrostatic tank, has been modeled in steady state. In order to check the accuracy of the modeling done, the results have been compared with the available industrial data. In the process of electrostatic desalination, fresh water is first added to the water-oil emulsion, and as a result of passing through the mixing valve, the fresh water is combined with the water along with the oil. Then, the produced emulsion is entered into the electrostatic tank and under the influence of the electric force, the droplets collide with each other and settle due to the force of gravity. At first, the effect of mixing valve pressure drop, temperature of continuous and dispersed phases, electric field intensity and dilution water flow rate on the efficiencies of one-stage water and salt separations have been investigated. In the two-stage process, the effect of fresh water added to the second stage, the pressure drop of the mixing valve of the second stage, as well as the intensity of the electric field of the first and second stages on the efficiency of water separation and the amount of salt output from the unit have been investigated. Next, the electrostatic device is modeled with a vertical alternating electric field, and the results are compared with the horizontal electric field. rtl;">Introduction

    Crude oil extracted from the well is always accompanied by various impurities such as mud, solid particles, water, salt, solutes, small amounts of metals vanadium, nickel, copper, cadmium, lead, and arsenic. These impurities should reach the minimum possible level before entering the refinery to avoid problems. Among the impurities, the most dangerous of them is the presence of salt in crude oil. The composition of soluble salt in crude oil is usually in the form of sodium chloride and magnesium and calcium salts. By heating the crude oil, a mixture of chloride compounds, sulfates and solid carbonates are left behind, and the salts dissolved in the oil release hydrogen chloride. The presence of even small amounts of hydrochloric acid increases the corrosive properties of sulfur compounds.

    The presence of large amounts of salt water in oil causes major problems and heavy and frequent financial losses. Because:

    Salts soluble in water are highly corrosive[1] and cause holes in expensive operating devices and equipment, including pipes, valves, pumps, tanks and oil tankers. The internal parts of the distillation towers of the refineries are perforated, which imposes heavy costs on the companies to take them out of service and repair them.

    Instead of remaining on the internal surface of the equipment, the solute deposit causes clogging and increases the pressure drop, it blocks the pipes of the oil heating devices and causes their temperature and pressure to rise.

    It causes poisoning of the catalyst and deactivates the catalyst or reduces its activity.

    Part of the oil tanks and pipes are occupied by water, as a result of which the fixed and operational costs increase and the volume of oil sent will also decrease.

    The quality and properties of oil change. The density of crude oil can vary from 800 kg/m3 for pure oil to 1030 kg/m3 for emulsion. The biggest changes are observed in the viscosity, which, for example, can increase from a few millipascal seconds to 1000 millipascal seconds.. The API grade of oil decreases, as a result, the value and price of oil decreases [1].

    The salt water in crude oil is divided into three categories, free water, emulsified water, and dissolved water, based on the diameter of the droplets scattered in it. Coarse water droplets that are freely dispersed in the oil settle to the bottom of the container in less than five minutes. A part of the water remains suspended in the oil in the form of fine emulsion droplets and never settles down by itself. The smaller the droplets, the more difficult it is to separate them from the crude oil. Water dissolved in oil also does not settle, and in practice, the only way to separate it is to lower the temperature. The solubility of water in oil largely depends on the temperature and the type of hydrocarbons in crude oil.

    Emulsion refers to a mixture in which droplets of an insoluble liquid are dispersed in another liquid. Emulsions are found in important industries such as food, cosmetics, pulp and paperboard production, biological fluids, medicine, agriculture and petroleum engineering [2]. The liquid that is dispersed and discontinuous in the form of small droplets is called the dispersed phase, and the liquid that surrounds them is called the continuous phase. style="direction: rtl;">Emulsion of water in crude oil may occur in any of the stages of oil production and process industries; And by a wide range of natural substances in oil or various factors, it remains stable. The stability of emulsions depends on various factors that will be mentioned below [3]. The larger it is, the more unstable the emulsion will be. Therefore, if the emulsion droplets can be connected using physical and chemical methods, larger droplets will be formed that settle due to the difference in the specific gravity of salt water and oil. style="direction: rtl;"> 

    As mentioned, the reason for the settling of dispersed water droplets in oil is the density difference between the two phases. If the density difference between the continuous phase and the dispersed phase is small, the emulsion is more stable and the separation of the dispersed phase is more difficult. The presence of salt in water increases the density of the emulsion, as a result, the density difference between water and oil increases. Therefore, the settling of water droplets takes place at a faster rate. style="direction: rtl;">By

    ELHAM ARYAFARD

     

     

    In this study, a detailed mathematical model is developed to predict the separation of saline water in single stage and two stages industrial crude oil desalting plants at steady state condition. The considered desalting plant consisted of a mixing valve and AC electrostatic desalting drum that were connected in series. The mixing valve and desalter drum with horizontal electric field, are modeled based on population balance method considering water droplet breakage and coalescence to predict the droplet size distributions. The class method as a common mathematical technique was used to solve the population balance equation. The accuracy of the developed mathematical model and assumptions were evaluated using industrial data from a desalination plant. Therefore, in a single stage desalting, the effect of pressure drop in the mixing valve, dilution water, temperature of continuous and dispersed phases and electric field strength on the desalting and dehydration efficiency were assessed.

  • Contents & References of Modeling and simulation of the electrostatic desalination process of crude oil

    List:

    Chapter One: Introduction and basic concepts. 2

    1-1- Introduction. 2

    1-1-1- Effective factors in the stability of emulsions 4

    1-2- The history of separating water from crude oil. 7

    1-3- methods of separating brine from crude oil. 8

    1-3-1- Sedimentation by gravity. 8

    1-3-2- thermal method. 9

    1-3-3- Use of chemicals. 9

    1-3-4- Washing with purer water. 10

    1-3-5- Mechanical methods. 10

    1-3-5- Electrical method. 11

    1-3-6- Use of membrane 12

    1-3-7- Use of ultrasonic and microwave waves. 12

    1-3-8- biological method. 13

    1-4- Description of the electrostatic desalination process. 13

    1-5- Emulsification in mixing valve. 16

    1-5-1- mixing efficiency. 17

    1-5-2- Diluting water 17

    1-6- Principles of electrostatic desalination. 19

    1-6-1- alternating current. 19

    1-6-2- direct current. 21

    1-6-3- Combination of alternating and direct fields. 22

    1-6-4- dual frequency. 24

    Chapter Two: Review of past research. 26

    2-1- Studies conducted in the field of emulsification. 26

    2-2- Studies conducted in the field of separating water from oil. 28

    Chapter three: Modeling. 33

    3-1- population balance equation. 33

    3-2- Mixing valve modeling. 35

    3-2-1- Failure function. 36

    3-2-2- adhesion coefficient. 38

    3-3- Analysis of the path of the drop in the presence of an electric field. 40

    3-3-1- Inductive electric force. 40

    3-3-2- van der Waals force. 43

    3-3-3- relative motion functions. 45

    3-3-4- The equation of the movement path. 46

    3-4- Modeling of electrostatic desalination device under the influence of alternating horizontal and vertical electric fields 47

    3-5- Physical properties of salt water and crude oil. 50

    3-6- Method of solving population balance equation. 52

    Chapter Four: Results and Data Analysis 56

    4-1- The results of mixing valve modeling. 56

    4-2- Analysis results of droplet movement in the presence of alternating electric field. 60

    4-3- The results of the modeling of the electrostatic device. 62

    4-3-1- One-stage horizontal field electrostatic device. 64

    4-3-2-Assessing the accuracy of the performed modeling 72

    4-3-3- Horizontal field two-stage electrostatic device. 74

    4-3-4- Vertical field electrostatic device. 81

    Chapter five: conclusions and suggestions. 84

    References. 86

        Abstract and title page in English

     

    Source:

     

     

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