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  3. Production of biodiesel from microalgae using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction method

Production of biodiesel from microalgae using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction method

Number of pages: 130 File Format: word File Code: 31805
Year: 2013 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering
Tags/Keywords: biodiesel - Chlorella vulgaris - Esterification reaction - GC analysis - microalgae - Supercritical carbon dioxide - Supercritical extraction - Vegetable oils
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  • Summary of Production of biodiesel from microalgae using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction method

    Master thesis in chemical engineering

    Abstract

    Production of biodiesel from microalgae by extraction method with

    supercritical carbon dioxide

     

    In this research, different stages of biodiesel production from Chlorella vulgaris microalgae, especially the stage of oil extraction from it, were experimentally studied. The method of microalgae cultivation was selected using the laboratory studies of other researchers and the best conditions for cultivation were considered. In the next step, extraction was performed using supercritical carbon dioxide under different conditions of temperature, pressure, carbon dioxide flow rate, and static residence time on the microalgae, and the optimal conditions of temperature, pressure, flow rate, and extraction time were determined. rtl;">According to the results obtained from the extraction method with supercritical carbon dioxide, the optimal conditions to achieve the highest efficiency; Static retention time was 120 minutes, carbon dioxide flow rate was 1.5 ml/s, temperature was 50 degrees Celsius and pressure was 340 bar. Also, in optimal conditions, the maximum yield of oil production was 0.2106 grams of extracted oil per gram of dry algae.

    The composition of the extracted oil after analysis by GC device was also obtained as follows;

    palmitic acid 22%, oleic acid 26%, linoleic acid 12% and linolenic acid 16%

     

    Key words: biodiesel; Chlorella vulgaris; supercritical extraction; esterification reaction; GC analysis

    1-1-     Biodiesel [1]

     

     

    When fossil fuels run out, renewable fuels should be sought. The increasing use of fossil fuels, the increase in the price of oil products and the reduction of available reserves have encouraged researchers to find new sources of non-oil energy. Currently, the approximate volume of the world's oil reserves is such that if the trend of relying on fossil fuels continues, in the near future the world will face many problems in environmental matters and lack of raw materials.

    The main consumption of fossil fuels is in internal combustion engines. A variety of compression ignition engines that run on diesel fuel and spark ignition engines that work mainly on gasoline consume these fuels. These engines, whose types are used as a source of motive power to perform various tasks, have a major contribution in the mentioned fuel consumption. Alternative fuels for spark ignition engines are liquid gas, compressed natural gas, and all kinds of alcohols, and their use has many advantages and disadvantages. In relation to diesel engines, alternative fuels are known as biodiesel or biofuel due to their vital origin [1].

    Vegetable oils as fuel were first used about 100 years ago. Rudolph Diesel, the manufacturer of diesel cars, proposed a plan to use oils instead of fossil fuels and used peanut oil in his diesel engine.

    In 1920, vegetable oils were also used; But there were problems such as sedimentation, oil ring adhesion, high viscosity, low volatility, and lubrication problems.

    The name biodiesel was first determined in America in 1992 by National Soydiesel Development Broad, which is now called National Biodiesel Broad. This institution is the first step in the commercialization of biodiesel in America. [2]

    Therefore, biodiesel refers to a wide range of fuels that are prepared from various vegetable oils and animal fats. Chemically, biodiesel is a long-chain fatty acid monoalkyl ester derived from renewable lipid sources.. This fuel can be used in diesel engines (compression ignition) with little or no modification. Biodiesel is renewable, non-toxic and free of sulfur and aromatic compounds. Today, vegetable oils, in addition to food use, are of great importance from the point of view of energy production and the preparation of industrial raw materials [3]. The properties of biodiesel fuel significantly depend on the chains of fatty acids in the feed used in the esterification process. Soybeans, peanuts, cottonseed[2], sunflowers and canola (a type of oilseed rape) are sources of vegetable oils. Animal fats and cooking oil (known as pseudo-grease) are also sources of fatty acids required for biodiesel. Also, nowadays, the use of non-edible sources including microalgae has been given more attention [4]. style="direction: rtl;"> 

    By:

    R. Yousefi

     

    In this study, different stages of biodiesel production from Microalgae Chlorella Vulgaris, particularly oil extraction process was studied experimentally. Microalgae cultivation and growth was chosen from previous experimental studies. The optimal amount for cultivation was considered. In next stage, supercritical extraction was performed on Microalgae and optimal conditions of temperature and pressure were determined.

    According to the results obtained from supercritical extraction the optimum condition to achieve maximum efficiency was 50 °C temperature and 340 bar pressure, static time 120 min and CO2 flowrate 1/5 cc/s.

    At this optimum conditions, the maximum oil yield was 0.2106 (gr oil/gr algae extracted input).

  • Contents & References of Production of biodiesel from microalgae using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction method

    List:

    Chapter One

    1- Introduction.. 2

    1-1- Biodiesel.. 2

    1-1-1- Composition of fatty acid chains. 3

          1-1-1-1- composition of microalgae fatty acids. 4

        1-1-2- Biodiesel production. 6

        1-1-3- Comparison of diesel and biodiesel from different aspects. 9

        1-1-4- Uses of biodiesel. 13

    1-1-5- The possibility of producing biodiesel from microalgae. 14

    1-2- Algae.. 16

    1-2-1- Chlorella vulgaris microalgae. 18

        1-2-2- Nutritional value of algae. 19

        1-2-3- Application of algae. 20

    1-3- types of oil extraction methods from microalgae. 20

        1-3-1- Physical extraction. 21

    1-3-1-1- grinding. 21

    1-3-1-2- osmotic shock. 21

    1-3-1-3- Ultrasonic extraction. 21

        1-3-2- Chemical extraction. 22

    1-3-2-1- Chemical solvents. 22

    1-3-2-2- Soxhlet extraction. 22

    1-3-2-3- Enzyme extraction. 22

          1-3-2-4- supercritical extraction. 22

    1-4- Extraction with supercritical fluid. 23

        1-4-1- History of supercritical fluid. 23

        1-4-2- Basic concepts of supercritical extraction. 23

        1-4-3- supercritical extraction process. 25

        1-4-4- Extraction operational method. 26

        1-4-5- Applications of supercritical extraction in various industries. 27

    Chapter Two

    2- An overview of the conducted research. 31

    Chapter 3

    3- Theory basics.. 37

    3-1- Production of biodiesel from microalgae. 37

    3-2- Cultivation of microalgae .. 38

    3-2-1- Important parameters in the regulation of algae growth. 39

    3-2-2- Growth dynamics.  40

        3-2-3- Types of cultivation environments. 41

          3-2-3-1- Open systems. 42

    3-2-3-2- closed systems. 43

    3-3- Harvesting.. 44

    3-4- Oil extraction.. 45

    3-5- Production of biodiesel from microalgae oil. 48

    3-6- Isolation.. 50

    Chapter 4

    4- Description of experiments.. 52

    4-1- Preparation of microalgae.. 52

    4-2- Cultivation of microalgae.. 53

    4-3- Extracting water from algae and drying it. 57

    4-4- Fundamentals and characteristics of the laboratory pilot of the supercritical extraction device. 59 4-5- Examining the main components of the oil extraction pilot by supercritical carbon dioxide 61 4-5-1- Extraction container. 62

        4-5-2- Separator.. 65

        4-5-3- CO2 gas liquefaction container. 66

        4-5-4- high pressure pump. 67

    4-5-5- Heating and cooling system. 68

    4-5-6- Control systems. 69

        4-5-7- Accessories.. 70

      4-6- Supercritical extraction tests. 73

        4-6-1- Perform hydraulic test of the device. 74

        4-6-2- Preparation of raw materials and feed. 74

        4-6-3- Test steps. 75

    4-7-Analysis.. 78

    4-8- Extraction by Soxhlet method (with hexane solvent). 79

        4-8-1- Necessary equipment. 80

        4-8-2- Required materials.. 80

        4-8-3- Testing procedures. 80

    9-4- Production of biodiesel from extracted oil (transesterification). 81

    4-9-1- Esterification reaction. 81

        4-9-2- separation and washing of biodiesel. 82

    Chapter 5

    5- Examining the results.. 87

    5-1- The effect of staying time in the static phase on oil extraction efficiency. 87

    5-2- The effect of temperature on the extraction of oil from algae. 88

    5-3- The effect of pressure on the extraction of oil from algae. 92

    4-5- Effect of supercritical carbon dioxide discharge on oil extraction from algae. 95

    5-5- Extraction by supercritical device in optimal conditions. 96

    5-6- GC analysis of the oil extracted from the supercritical device. 97

    5-7- Comparison of oil extraction from algae by supercritical methods and extraction with hexane. 99

    8-5- The results of tests related to determining the properties of methyl ester. 101.

    Sixth chapter

    6- Conclusion and suggestions. 103

    6-1- Conclusion.. 103

    6-2-Suggestions.. 104

    List of resources.. 105

     

    Source:

     

    [1] Www, Biodiesel.org /resource/fuelorg /resource/fuel factsheets/standard

     

    [2] http://En.wikipedia.org/ Biodiesel

     

    [3] Yusuf Chisti, "Biodiesel from microalgae", 13 February 2007, New Zealand, Institute of Technology and Engineering, Massey University.

    [4] Nelson Dl, Cox Mm, "Lipids lehninger principal of biochemistry 3rd ed", 2000

     

    [5] Halim R, Gladman B, Danquah MK, webley PA. "Oil extraction from microalgae for biodiesel production", Bioresource Technology, 2011, 178-185

    [6] Minowa T, Yokoyama S, Kishimoto M, Okakurat T. "Oil production from algal cells of Dunaliella tertiolecta by direct thermo chemical liquefaction." J Fuel 1995, 74(12):1735–8

    [7] Cravotto G, Boffa L, Mantegna S, Perego P, Avogadro M, Cintas P. "Improved extraction of vegetable oils under high-intensity ultrasound and/or microwaves. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry", 2008, 898-902

    [8] Lee JY, Yoo C, Jun SY, Ahn CY, Oh HM. "Comparison of several methods for effective lipid extraction from microalgae." Bioresource Technology, 2009, 101:S75–7

     

    [9] N.H. Tran; J.R. Bartlett; G.S.K. Kannangara; A.S. Milev; H. Volk; M.A. Wilson. "Catalytic upgrading of biorefinery oil from micro-algae", Fuel, February 2010, 265-274

    [10] Chen-Hsi Cheng, Tz-Bang Du, Hsien-Chueh Pi, Shyue-Ming Jang, Yun-Huin Lin, Hom-Ti Lee. "Comparative study of lipid extraction from microalgae by organic solvent and supercritical CO2", November 2011, P 10151–10153

    [11] Temelli, F. "Supercritical fluid extraction in citrus oil processing". Food technology, 1988, Vol 42, No.6, p.145-152

     

    [12] Johnston, K.P. and Penninger, J.M.L. "Supercritical fluid science and technology", ACS symposium series, 1989

    [13] Celine Dejoy, Marylin Abert, Guy Lumia "Combined extraction method of lipid from Chlorella vulgaris", University of Arignon, France, 2011, International journal of molecular science.

    [14] Maria Dolores, Casimiro Mantell. "Kinetic of the SCCO2 extraction of carotenoid from microalgae with CO2 and ethanol as cosolvent, Chemical engineering journal", 2009

     

    [15] Floch.F, Tena.M.T, Rtos.A. and Valcorcel.M. "Supercritical fluid extraction of phenol compounds from olive leaves", Talanta, 1998, Vol 46, p1123-1130

     

    [16] Chueng, P.C.K. "Temperature and pressure effects on supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of n-3 fatty acids from red seaweed", Food chem, 1999, 65, 399-403

     

    [17] Mendes.R.L, Reis.A.D, Palavra.A.F. "Supercritical CO2 extraction of glinolenic acid and other lipids from Arthrospira (Spirulina) maxima: comparison with organic solvent extraction", 2006, Food Chem, 99, p 57-63

    [18] Couto.R.M, Simoes.P.C, Reis.A, Silva.T.I.D, et al. "Supercritical fluid extraction of lipid from the heterotrophic microalgae Crypthecodinium cohnii", 2010, Eng. Life Sci.

     

    [19] Minowa T, Yokoyama S, Kishimoto M, Okakurat T. "Oil production from algal cells of Dunaliella tertiolecta by direct thermochemical liquefaction." J Fuel, 1995, 74(12):1735–8

     

    [20] Kaewpintong K. "Cultivation of Haematococcus pluvialis in Airlift Bioreactor", Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, 2004

    [21] Moheimani NR. "The culture of Coccolithophorid Algae for carbon dioxide bioremediation", Murdoch University, 2005

     

    [22] Cravotto G, Boffa L, Mantegna S, Perego P, Avogadro M, Cintas P. "Improved extraction of vegetable oils under high-intensity ultrasound and/or microwaves, Ultrasonics Sonochemistry", 2008, p 898–902

     

    [23] Lee JY, Yoo C, Jun SY, Ahn CY. "Comparison of several methods for effective lipid extraction from microalgae", Bioresource Technology 2009, 101:S75–7

    [24] Arief Widjaja, Chao-Chang Chien, Yi-Hsu Ju

Production of biodiesel from microalgae using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction method
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