Synthesis of silicon dioxide nanoparticles from silicon oil waste using Tefzad method

Master thesis in the field of chemical nanoengineering

Abstract

Synthesis of silicon dioxide nanoparticles from silicon oil waste using sputtering method

With the increase in temperature due to the increase in the speed of the chemical reaction, the size of the particles first decreased and then increased due to aggregation. The best temperature of 1000 degrees Celsius was obtained by increasing the concentration of silicone oil, the particle size increased, and the best result was obtained at the injection concentration of two milliliters per minute of silicone oil. By changing the cleaning liquid, it was also found that non-polar liquids with smaller particles are obtained. In addition, in this research, the sol-gel method with the hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane in aqueous medium was investigated. Tetraethoxysilane is hydrolyzed in aqueous environment and in ethanol solvent with the help of ammonia catalyst and silicon dioxide is produced. By changing the molar ratios of the materials, the temperature of the hydrolysis reaction and the stirring speed, the optimal conditions were obtained, which led to the production of sol-gel and finally, by drying it, a xerogel was obtained. The optimal conditions for the production of the gel were a concentration of 0.7 ml of tetraethoxysilane in 35 ml of absolute ethanol at a temperature of 60 degrees Celsius and a stirring speed of 600 rpm and the addition of 0.1 ml of water in 0.02 ml parts over time. 50 minutes and the addition of one milliliter of 25% ammonia was obtained during one minute.

TEM image confirms the particle size of 30 nm.

Introduction

Introduction to Nano Snow Processing

Nanotechnology is a field of applied knowledge and technology that covers a wide range of subjects. The main topic of this approach is to harness material or devices in dimensions less than one micrometer, usually around 1 to 100 nanometers. In fact, nanotechnology is the understanding and application of new properties of materials and systems in these dimensions that show new physical effects (mainly influenced by the dominance of quantum properties over classical properties). Nanotechnology is a highly interdisciplinary knowledge and is related to fields such as materials engineering, medicine, pharmacy and drug design, veterinary medicine, biology, applied physics, semiconductor devices, supramolecular chemistry, and even mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, and chemical engineering. Analysts believe that nanotechnology, biotechnology[1] and information technology[2] are the three scientific fields that shape the third industrial revolution [1] Nanotechnology can be a continuation of the current knowledge to nano dimensions or a projection of the current knowledge on a newer and more modern basis.

According to the ranking of the State Nano website [3], Iran ranked 8th in the production of nano science, and had the lowest share in the production of science in nano science in 2012, followed by China, India, Taiwan, and South Korea, respectively, and Saudi Arabia had the highest global participation in this field by publishing 910 scientific articles.

According to Mehr news agency, the base In a report, State Nano Internet has analyzed the participation of countries in the production of nano sciences based on the index of international cooperation. According to this report, international cooperation is a strategy to facilitate the conditions to achieve scientific goals.

In order to check this index, the Nano State site has extracted the nano articles of different countries and their level of cooperation in 2012 with a special search term and using the data bank[4], the results of which are listed in the list published on the site. The first 30 countries in the world in terms of the number of articles[5] produced approximately 82% of nanoscience in 2012.

In this list, China ranks first and America ranks second. Although China produced the largest number of articles in 2012, it had one of the lowest contributions among the first 30 countries, so that among the 96 countries in the world, it ranked 93rd in terms of participation with 19.7%.

America also ranked 83rd with 41.1%. South Korea, which has the fourth place in the production of nanoscience, occupies the 88th place in the world in the participation sector with 30.9% participation. Based on this, superior countries in the production of science contribute less to the production of science, while weaker countries are more willing to cooperate. Also, among the top 30 science producing countries, Iran ranks 8th in the production of nano science, and has the lowest share in participation (17.3 percent), followed by China, India, Taiwan, and South Korea in that order. For example, in each continent there are one or more leading countries in the nano field, which other countries choose as partners for their research projects. Also, ease of commuting, proximity of culture and cultural and social commonalities are among the advantages of cooperation with a neighboring country. A clear example of this can be seen in the country of Azerbaijan, which has the most cooperation with Iran due to its neighborhood. A clear example of this is the country of Malaysia, which has had significant cooperation with Iran in the past years. Malaysia has paved the way for student exchange with Iran. So that it has become the destination of a large number of Iranian students. This has caused Iran to be the first option for Malaysia to participate in the production of nanosciences [2], and hence the importance of this field in the country is evident and it is hoped that Iran can improve its rank.

From a historical perspective, around 400 years before Christ, the Greek philosopher Democritus used the word atom, which in Greek means indivisible, for the first time to describe the particles that make up materials. Therefore, perhaps he can be considered the father of nanotechnology and science [1], and in the new era, for the first time, Richard Feynman, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965 and one of the most famous physicists of the 60s, who is nicknamed the father of nanotechnology, made a revolutionary and fascinating prediction in a speech in 1960 at the conference of the American Physical Society. He said that there is a lot of space at the bottom. This matter became the basis of the science of nanotechnology. In that lecture, he raised the point that the principles of physics do not express anything except the possibility of making objects atom by atom. Feynman suggested that individual atoms can be manipulated to produce small materials and structures that have different properties [3]. The term nanotechnology was first proposed in 1974 by Norio Taniguchi, a science professor at the University of Tokyo. He used this term to describe the manufacturing of precise materials (devices) whose dimensions are in the range of nanometers. The prefix nano is originally a Greek word. The Latin equivalent of this word is Dwarf [6], which means dwarf and short.