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  3. Laboratory study of electrochemical oxidation of phenol for wastewater treatment

Laboratory study of electrochemical oxidation of phenol for wastewater treatment

Number of pages: 91 File Format: word File Code: 31782
Year: 2010 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering
Tags/Keywords: Effluent - Electrochemical oxidation - Hydroxyl radicals - Phenol - Removal of organic pollutants - Taguchi method - Wastewater treatment - Water waste
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  • Summary of Laboratory study of electrochemical oxidation of phenol for wastewater treatment

    Dissertation for Master's degree

    In the field of chemical engineering, thermokinetic orientation

    Abstract

    The removal of hazardous organic pollutants from groundwater and wastewater is one of the most important issues in environmental research. Phenols and phenolic compounds have been identified as hazardous pollutants. Several technologies and processes have been developed for industrial wastewater treatment. Due to the relatively high investment cost and the high cost of electricity, electrochemical wastewater treatment technologies have not been widely developed in the world, but compared to other existing methods, the electrochemical method requires simple equipment and can achieve high energy efficiency. Therefore, the electrochemical oxidation method for the removal of phenolic compounds has received much attention. The purpose of this study is to investigate and determine the optimal conditions to increase the efficiency of the electrochemical oxidation method [1] in the treatment of a synthetic wastewater containing phenol using the Taguchi test design method. So far, many electrodes have been used to remove phenol. In this research, platinum was used as anode electrode and 304 steel as cathode electrode. In order to design experiments, L9 orthogonal array was used. In this regard, the effect of various parameters, including pH, concentration of supporting electrolyte[2], current density and distance between electrodes, was investigated. The duration of each experiment was 75 minutes and each experiment was repeated twice. The amount of standard deviation for the experiments varied in the range of 0.02-0.6. The maximum removal of phenol was achieved under optimal conditions including pH equal to 12, M concentration of 0.6 of the supporting electrolyte, current density equal to 0.2178 A/cm and distance of 10 mm between the electrodes, equal to 99.9%. Also, experiments were conducted in optimal conditions with different concentrations of phenol to check the effect of the initial concentration of phenol on the efficiency of the process. It was seen that under the same conditions, with increasing phenol concentration, the efficiency of the process decreases significantly. Finally, 3 experiments were performed under the same optimal conditions but with different supporting electrolytes to compare the performance of these electrolytes. It was concluded that with the experimental system of this study, sodium sulfate salt can act as the most effective supporting electrolyte in the process of phenol removal. rtl;">Water waste is a serious problem worldwide. Access to safe and clean water to meet various human needs is considered an important challenge in the coming decades. The Environmental Protection Agency of the United States of America has estimated that approximately one-third of the world's water flows are markedly polluted, and that the principle of maintaining water quality has been compromised. Therefore, whether for drinking purposes or for industrial purposes, natural water usually needs to be purified. Industrial effluents can include various types of pollution according to the source of pollution. such as oily wastes, wastes containing organic substances, wastes containing dyes, etc. . By knowing the type of pollution, you can check the method of their removal.

    Compounds resistant to biological decomposition in industrial wastewater can cause bad taste and smell in addition to toxicity. They are not completely removed by biological treatment, so the water contaminated with these compounds is treated by chemical treatment.

    The common wastewater treatment methods are divided into the following four categories:

    1.      Biological methods

    2.      Chemical oxidation methods

    3.      Physico-chemical oxidation methods

    4.      Electrochemical methods

    In recent years, attention to electrochemical technology for wastewater treatment has increased. The advantages of using electrochemical methods over other methods include environmental compatibility, use of simple equipment, high speed of the process, and so on.This treatment method has been proposed as a very promising technique for treating contaminated groundwater, surface water and wastewater containing non-biodegradable organic pollutants. Today, electrochemical technologies have reached a position where they are not only competitive with other technologies in terms of price, but also more effective. For many situations, we are forced to use electrochemical technologies to treat wastewaters with resistant pollutants [1]. This combination is one of the widely used materials in oil, petrochemical, textile, pharmaceutical and other refineries. It is that through unsanitary waste disposal of these industries, it leads to environmental pollution. This weakly toxic acid, even in low concentrations, causes an unpleasant taste and smell. Phenolic wastes are very resistant to biological degradation. These wastes are considered as a serious risk to human health because they are highly toxic. The toxicity and bad smell of phenols is the reason for their treatment before discharge into the environment. Different methods have been used to remove phenol from industrial wastewater. In recent years, the use of electrochemical oxidation method to remove phenol has been widely studied and paid attention to. In this method, the oxidation of phenolic compounds is due to the production of hydroxyl radicals on the surface of the electrodes. According to various investigations, it has been concluded that the type of electrode has a significant effect on the removal rate of phenolic compounds.

    In this research, the electrochemical oxidation method was used to remove phenol from a synthetic wastewater. Various parameters are effective on the efficiency of this method. In this project, the contribution of each parameter on the efficiency of phenol removal was determined. In the investigated experiments, the effect of operational parameters including pH, concentration of supporting electrolyte, current density and distance between electrodes were investigated. According to the design of the experiments by the Taguchi method, the possibility of measuring the contribution of each parameter and checking their importance was determined by the powerful tool of variance analysis [2] and the signal-to-noise method [3] (S/N). style="direction: rtl;">The removal of hazardous organic pollutants from groundwater and wastewater, is one of the most critical and urgent topics in environmental research. Phenols and phenolic compounds have been declared to be hazardous pollutants. Many technologies and processes for the treatment of industrial wastewater have been developed. Due to the relatively high cost of investment and expensive electricity, technologies of electrochemical treatment of waste water have not been developed extremely in the world. But in comparison with other methods, electrochemical method offers the prospect of relatively simple equipment, and the possibility of high-energy efficiency. Therefore, electrochemical oxidation method for removal of phenolic compounds has been attended highly. The purpose of this study is to review and determine the optimal conditions with the Taguchi design of experiment method to increase the efficiency of electrochemical oxidation method for the treatment of a synthetic wastewater including phenol. So far, a lot of electrodes have been used for phenol removal. In this investigation, a platinum and stainless steel 304 have been used as anode and cathode electrodes respectively. To design the experiments, the orthogonal L9 array was used. In this respect, the effect of different parameters including pH, supporting electrolyte concentration, current and distance between electrodes have been studied. The time duration of each experiment was 75 minutes and each of the experiments was done twice. The amount of standard deviation varied in the range of 0.02-1.6. The maximum phenol removal in optimal conditions including pH 12, the supporting electrolyte concentration as 0.6 M, the current of 2.85A and the distance between electrodes as 10 mm was obtained 99.9%.

  • Contents & References of Laboratory study of electrochemical oxidation of phenol for wastewater treatment

    List:

    Chapter 1: Introduction. 2

    2-3- Advantages and disadvantages of electrochemical systems. 2

    2-4- Types of electrochemical purification methods. 2

    2-4-1- Cathodic treatment of water and industrial wastewater. 2

    2-4-2- electrochemical coagulation. 2

    2-4-3- Electrochemical flotation. 2

    2-4-4- advanced methods of electrochemical oxidation. 2

    2-5- Electrochemical oxidation. 2

    2-6- Anodic oxidation. 2

    2-6-1- direct oxidation in the anode. 2-2-6-2- Proposed model for anodic oxidation of organic substances with the help of hydroxyl radicals. 2-2-7- Phenol pollutant. 2

    2-7-1- Sources and industrial synthesis of phenol. 2

    2-7-2- Industrial applications of phenol. 2

    2-7-3- Phenol producing industries. 2

    2-8- Choosing the right electrode to perform the purification process. 2

    2-9- General mechanism of electrochemical oxidation of phenol by different electrodes. 2

    2-10- Selection of suitable supporting electrolyte to carry out the removal process. 2

    2-11- Review of the findings of other researchers on the electrochemical methods of phenol removal. 2

    2-12- Effective factors on the amount of phenol removal. 2

    2-13- Oxygen release potential. 2

    2-14- Conclusion. 2

    Chapter 3: Research method 2

    3-3- Selection and preparation of laboratory equipment. 2

    3-3-1- Tools and chemicals required. 2

    3-4- Conducting experiments. 2

    3-4-1- Effluent used in the process. 2

    3-4-2- The method of conducting tests. 2

    3-5- Experiment design with Taguchi method. 2

    Chapter 4: Results and their interpretation 2

    4-2-1- The effect of the pH parameter on the efficiency of the process. 2

    4-2-2- The effect of the concentration of the supporting electrolyte. 2

    4-2-3- Effect of current density. 2

    4-2-4- The effect of distance between electrodes. 2

    4-3- Optimum conditions.. 2

    4-4- Variance analysis of results. 2

    4-5- Calculation of standard deviation. 2

    4-6- Investigating the effect of the initial concentration of phenol on the efficiency of the process. 2

    4-7- Investigating the effect of the type of supporting electrolyte on the efficiency of the process. 2

    4-8- Energy consumption.. 2

    Chapter 5: Summary and suggestions 60

    5-1- Introduction.. 61

    5-2- Achievements.. 61

    5-3- Innovation.. 62

    5-4- Suggestions.. 62

    Chapter 6: References 2

    Chapter 7: Appendices 2

    Source:

    [1] Amal lahkimi, et al. , "removal of textile dyes from water by the Electoro-Fenton process", environment chem. Left (2007) 5:35-39. [2] M. Panizza, et al. "Anodic oxidation of 2-napHthol at boron-doped diamond electrodes", Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 507 (2001) 206-214. [3] Nezamaddin Daneshvar, et al. , "Electro-Fenton treatment of dye solution containing orange II: influence of operational parameters", Journal of Electroanalytical chemistry 615 (2008) 165-174. [4] G.Bhaskar Raju, et al. , "Treatment of wastewater from synthetic textile industry by electrocoagulation - electro oxidation", Chemical Engineering Journal 144 (2008) 51-58. [5] Uger Kurt, et al. , "Reduction of COD in wastewater from an organized tannery industrial region by Electro. , "Reduction of COD in wastewater from an organized tannery industrial region by Electro-Fenton Process", Journal of Hazardous Materials 143, 2007, pages 33-40. [p>

    ]6 [P. Moradi, "Removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) of wastewater using electrochemical method", master's thesis in chemical engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, 2008.

    [7] Yusuf Yavuz, et al , "Electo chemical oxidation of pHenol in a parallel plate reactor using ruthenium mixed metal oxide electrode", Journal of Hazardous Materials B136(2006) 296-302. [p>

    ]8 [P. Moradi, "Comprehensive review of the use of electrochemical technology in industrial wastewater treatment", Master's seminar in chemical engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, 1387.

    ]9[ Khabazi Kanari, "Investigation of the electrochemical treatment of phenol-contaminated wastewater", Master's Seminar in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, 2018. , "Removal of color from real dyeing wastewater by Electro-Fenton technology using a three-dimensional graphite cathode", Journal of Hazardous Materials 152(2008) 601-606. [11] K. Juttner, et al. , "Electrochemical approaches to environmental problems in the process industry", Electrochimica Acta, 45, 2000, pp.2575-2594.

    [12] G.Chen, et al. , "Electrochemical technologies in wastewater treatment", separation and purification Technology, 38, 2004, pp.11-41.

    [13] Guido Basca, et al. , "Technologies for the removal of pHenol from fluid streams: A short review of recent developments", Journal of Hazardous Materials 160 (2008) 265-288. [14] J. Iniesta, et al. , "Electrochemical oxidation of pHenol at boron-doped diamond electrode", Electrochemica Acta 46(2001)3573-3578.

     

    [15] Guohua Zhao, et al. , "The mechanism and kinetics of ultra sound-enhanced electrochemical oxidation of pHenol on boron-doped diamond and pt electrodes", chemopHere 73 (2008) 1407-1413. [16] Y.J.Feng, et al. , "Electro-catalytic oxidation of pHenol on several metal-oxide electrodes in aqueous solution", Water Research 37 (2003) 2399-2407. [17] Hong zhu Ma, et al. , "Electro chemical catalytic treatment of pHenol wastewater", Journal of Hazardous Materials 165 (2009) 475-480. [18] Carlos Barrera - D1? az, et al. "Removal of Biorefractory compounds in Industrial wastewater by chemical and Electrochemical Pretreatments", Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. , (2009), 48(3), 1253-1258. [19] Di Wu, et al. , "Effects of some factors during electrochemical degradation of pHenol by hydroxyl radicals". Microchemical journal 85(2007) 250-256. [20] Xiao-yan Li, et al. , "Reaction Pathways and Mechanisms of the Electrochemical Degradation of pHenol on Different Electrodes", Water Research 39 (2005) 1972-1981. [21] Sheng H.lin, et al. , "saline wastewater treatment by electro chemical method", wat. Res. Vol. 32. No. 4, 1998, pages 1059-1066. [22] Jiang Cheng-chun, et al. , "Progress and prospect in Electro-Fenton process for wastewater treatment", Journal of Zhejiang University Science Aissn 1973-565X (online), (2007) 23-29. [23] Sasha Kalcheva, et al. , "comparative mechanistic studies on the oxidation of aromatics and electrodes", Turk J chem. 23 (1999), 369-380. [24] P. Canizares, et al. , "Effect of current intensity in the electrochemical oxidation of aqueous pHenol wastes at an activated carbon and steel Anode", Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1999, 38, 3779-3785.

Laboratory study of electrochemical oxidation of phenol for wastewater treatment
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