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  3. Fabrication of a nano-structure electrochemical sensor to measure the amount of atrazine polluting poison in water and wastewater

Fabrication of a nano-structure electrochemical sensor to measure the amount of atrazine polluting poison in water and wastewater

Number of pages: 55 File Format: word File Code: 31780
Year: 2014 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering
Tags/Keywords: Atrazine - Atrazine poison - Biosensors - Contaminating poison - Differential pulse voltammetry - Electrochemical sensor - Measuring the amount of poison - modified electrode - Nano structure
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  • Summary of Fabrication of a nano-structure electrochemical sensor to measure the amount of atrazine polluting poison in water and wastewater

    Dissertation for M.Sc degree

    Field: Chemical Engineering

    Treatment: Biotechnology

    Research method:

    First, the surface of the gold electrode was covered by nickel and cobalt salt in suitable conditions, Next, the standard solution of atrazine poison was placed in contact with the modified electrode, and after optimizing a series of mechanical and chemical parameters, its voltammogram was drawn with an autolab device. The obtained data were analyzed using Excel 2007 software, and finally, using a series of statistical information, the detection limit, correlation coefficient, and several other parameters were obtained.  In order to obtain the quantitative analysis peak related to atrazine poison, in order to measure very small amounts of this substance in their real samples, several important chemical and device parameters such as pH, ionic strength, buffer volume, electrolyte concentration, applied frequency, scanning speed, intensity and voltage of the potential were optimized using the one-at-a-time method

    abstract

    In this fact card, a layer of nickel and cobalt salt is placed on the surface of a pure gold electrode, and in this way, the electrode is modified and finally a modified gold sensor is made, which is used to measure the polluting poison of atrazine in water and wastewater. This modified electrode is made at room temperature, which can be used at optimum pH 9 stabilized by Britton-Robinson buffer and other chemical and device parameters. In this experiment, cyclic voltammetry techniques have been used to study and investigate electrochemical reactions and scanning electron microscope to study the structure of the electrode. The structure of this sensor is completely new and presented for the first time, and it is able to respond to very small amounts of these substances in the samples containing it. This electrode shows a linear behavior at a concentration of 100 nanomolar of atrazine poison. The detection limit of this electrode is 0.009 nanomolar for atrazine poison. High signal to noise, wide linear range of response, high sensitivity and appropriate selectivity of this sensor will be its unique advantages. style="direction: rtl;">Chapter One

    Research overview

    1-1 Introduction

    In the introduction of this chapter, about electrochemical sensors and biosensors based on carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, Discusses metal nanoparticles and ionic liquid modified electrodes, composites. Subsequently, recent developments and main strategies to enhance sensing performance, challenges and aspects of further developments in the future are discussed. Exploitation of nano materials and nanoparticles in chemical decomposition by electric current is a field of research that is constantly progressing. It is very important to pay attention to modifying the wide surface of the electrodes to increase their response and sensitivity. Sensitivity and selectivity are essential issues for the development of sensors for the detection of important biological molecules. 1-2 Carbon nanotubes and fullerenes The precise electronic properties of carbon nanotubes show that they have the ability to promote electron transfer reactions when they are used as an electrode in electrochemical reactions. This case provides a new application in electrode surface modification for the design of new electrochemical sensors and electrocatalytic materials.[1] As a new type of carbon materials, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have unique properties that are very different from conventional scaled materials.Such properties include defined nano-sized tubular structures, tunable terminal surfaces and sidewalls, excellent chemical stability, strong electrocatalytic activity, and biocompatibility.  [2] The special three-dimensional structure of CNTs can lead to heavy loading of the electrical catalyst or biological material in a solid substrate and can ultimately increase the usefulness of the electrical (bio)catalyst. As nanotube materials, the advantages of all CNTs are their small diameter and large length-to-diameter ratio, which allows them to be used as molecular wires to facilitate electron transfer between biomolecules and high-sensitivity electrodes. These special properties lead to promising applications in electrolytic chemistry and make CNTs ideal candidates for making high-performance sensors. Both single-walled carbon nanotubes [1] and multi-walled carbon nanotubes [2] have been significantly used in biosensing. [3,4] doped Nickel and Cobalt nanoparticles, this modified electrode was used to determine Atrazine pesticide pollutants in water and waste waters with good accuracy and precision in analysis. was used for the study of electrochemical reactions and scanning electron microscopy was used to study the morphology of the electrode structure ranges from a linear containing from 0.01 to 1oonM with the detection limit of 0.009 nM high signal to noise ratio a wide linear range of response high sensitivity and good selectivity of sensor is its unique advantages.

  • Contents & References of Fabrication of a nano-structure electrochemical sensor to measure the amount of atrazine polluting poison in water and wastewater

    List:

    1-1 Introduction.. 3

    1-2 carbon nanotubes and fullerenes. 3

    1-2-1 fullerenes. 7

    1-2-2 The origin of the activity of the ka ta listic electrode of fullerenes. 8

    1-2-3 metal nanoparticles. 8

    1-2-4 nano fibers. 9

    1-2-5 combination of metal nanoparticles and nanotubes. 10

    1-2-6 ionic liquid / carbon head. 10

    1-3 - general points. 11

    1-4 Atrazine – History and uses. 12

    5-1 Summary of the history of atrazine registration process. 14

    Chapter Two Research Methodology

    2-1 Introduction.. 22

    2-2 Introduction of Atrazine Poison. 22

    2-3 biodegradation of atrazine. 23

    2-3-1 Investigation of the relationship between atrazine and drinking water. 24

    2-3-2 Environmental effects of herbicides. 24

    2-3-3 The dangers of pesticides in terms of economic importance. 25

    2-3-4 Environmental effects of pesticides. 26

    2-4 Disturbance of biological diversity. 29

    2-5 history of investigating the negative effects of atrazine poison. 29

    2-6 Materials and reagents. 32

    2-7 Effect of electrolyte salt concentration. 35

    2-8 effects. 35

    2-9 Modification of the electrode surface. 35

    The third chapter of data analysis (findings)

    3-1 Electrode surface modification. 38

    2-3 Scanning electron microscope study of modified electrode surface. 40

    3-3 Optimizing mechanical and chemical parameters. 43

    3-4 effect of pH: 44

    3-5 effect of device parameters: 45

    3-5-1 effect of potential scanning speed. 45

    3-5-2 Effect of frequency. 46

    6-3 drawing calibration curve. 47

    3-7 Investigating the effects of disturbances: 53

    3-8 Using sensors in real samples. 54

    Chapter 4 Conclusion and suggestion

    4-1 Conclusion: 58

    4-2 Presenting suggestions for the next works: 60

    References. . 61

     

     

    Source:

     

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Fabrication of a nano-structure electrochemical sensor to measure the amount of atrazine polluting poison in water and wastewater
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