Contents & References of Fabrication of polyacrylonitrile ultrafiltration membrane containing TiO2 nanoparticles in order to separate cationic polyacrylamide from coal washing factory effluent
List:
First speech: study on polyacrylamide separation methods and familiarization with membrane processes. 1
1-1 Introduction of coal washing plant. 3
1-2 Introduction of coagulation and coagulation process. 4
1-3 Introduction of polyacrylamide. 6
1-4 The need to treat wastewater containing polyacrylamide. 10
1-5 Polyacrylamide isolation methods. 12
1-6 polymer absorption with surface adsorbents. 12
1-7 membrane and membrane processes. 13
1-7-1 History 13
1-7-2 Membrane definition 14
1-7-3 Advantages of using membrane technology. 17
1-7-4 types of membranes 17
1-7-4-1 division based on membrane type 18
1-7-4-2 division based on membrane structure 18
1-7-4-3 division of membranes in terms of function 20
1-7-5 types of membrane separation processes. 21
1-7-6 Comparison of filtration methods. 24
1-7-7 separation mechanisms. 26
1-7-8 methods of functioning of membrane processes. 28
1-7-9 Obstruction in membranes 29
1-7-10 Methods to prevent or reduce membrane clogging 33
1-7-10-1 Choosing the right membrane. 33
1-7-10-2 pre-treatment of fluid entering the membrane 33
1-7-10-3 improvement of operation conditions. 34
1-7-10-4 Modifying the surface of manufactured membranes 34
1-7-10-4-1 Physical method. 34
1-7-10-4-2 chemical method. 34
1-7-11 preparation of composite ultrafiltration membranes using mineral particles. 35
1-7-11-1 deposition of mineral particles on the membrane surface directly. 35
1-7-11-2 placement of nanoparticles in the membrane matrix 36
1-7-12 methods to reduce clogging. 36
1-7-13 Cleaning 37
1-7-13-1 Hydraulic cleaning. 37
1-7-13-2 Mechanical cleaning. 38
1-7-13-3 Electrical cleaning. 38
1-7-13-4 Chemical cleaning. 38
1-8 studies done 40
Second speech: experiences. 46
2-1 Equipment and materials used 47
2-2 Membrane preparation process 48
2-2-1 Fabrication of polyacrylonitrile membrane by phase inversion method. 48
2-2-2 Making suitable polyacrylonitrile membrane. 51
2-3 Membrane surface modification by heat treatment and hydrolysis method 51
2-4 Combination of membrane with titanium dioxide nanoparticles. 52
2-4-1 Self-assembly of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on the surface of polyacrylonitrile membrane. 53
2-4-2 Mixing titanium dioxide nanoparticles in polymer solution. 53
2-5 Evaluation of membrane performance 54
2-6 Pure water flux. 57
2-7 Retention. 58
8-2 Fracture threshold and hole size calculation. 59
2-8-1 Measuring polyethylene glycol concentration. 61
2-9 Checking the degree of membrane clogging 62
2-10 Checking the morphology of the membrane 63
2-10-1 Checking the morphology of the membrane prepared with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) 64
2-10-2 Checking the hydrophilicity of the membrane with contact angle analysis. 65
2-7-3 Investigating the chemical structure of the membrane 66
2-10-4 X-ray Energy Diffraction Spectroscopy (EDX) 67
Third speech: discussion and conclusion. 69
Introduction 70
3-1 Fabrication of polyacrylonitrile membrane. 70
3-2 chemical modification of membrane 73
3-3 thermal modification of polyacrylonitrile membranes. 76
3-4 Investigating the performance and structure of the thermally modified membrane. 76
3-5 Membrane modification using nanoparticles. 80
3-5-1 Effect of self-assembly of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on the membrane surface 81
3-5-2 Effect of mixing titanium dioxide nanoparticles in polymer solution. 83
3-6 Comparison between two methods of adding nanoparticles. 85
3-7 Scanning electron microscope analysis of the membrane surface 86
3-8 X-ray energy diffraction analysis (EDX) 90
3-9 Measurement of fracture threshold. 93
3-10 investigation of membrane surface hydrophilicity 95
3-8 investigation of membrane clogging 97
Fourth speech: conclusion and suggestions. 101
4-1 Conclusion. 102
4-2 suggestions 104
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