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Effect of additives on crystal morphology in calcium oxalate crystallization process

Number of pages: 87 File Format: word File Code: 31771
Year: 2014 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering
Tags/Keywords: Additives - Calcium oxalate - Crystal morphology - crystallization - crystallization - Experiment design - kidney - kidney stone - Morphology - Taguchi method
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  • Summary of Effect of additives on crystal morphology in calcium oxalate crystallization process

    Master thesis in the field

    Chemical Engineering

    Abstract

    Effect of additives on crystal morphology in oxalate crystallization process Calcium

    Kidney stone is one of the most common diseases in the world, most of its crystals are formed from calcium oxalate crystals. Therefore, it has been a long time that the investigation of effective substances in the control of this disease through the control of calcium oxalate crystals has been considered. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of tripotassium citrate on the structure and shape of calcium oxalate crystals as the main component of most kidney stones. In this research, the additive tripotassium citrate was used under different conditions in terms of temperature, concentration, mixing intensity, and pH using the Taguchi test design method and at three different levels in the form of the statistical design of the experiment and the L9 orthogonal array. The crystals formed from the crystallization process in each of the methods were filtered and dried. After that, the shape of the crystals was evaluated using SEM electron microscopic photography. The results of the statistical analysis And the microscopic photos indicate that tripotassium citrate has a significant effect on the morphology of calcium oxalate under operating conditions: temperature 25 degrees Celsius, concentration 60 g/liter, stirring speed 150 rpm and pH equal to 8. rtl;">Key words: calcium oxalate, kidney stones, crystallization, experimental design, Taguchi method, morphology

    -1- Preface

    Crystallization from solution is one of the most important operations capable of producing products with the highest purity. The shape and size of the crystal is effective on its dissolution rate. In the pharmaceutical industry, dissolution speed is very important. Poor control over the shape and size of the produced crystals leads to unacceptable results in the next steps such as filtration and drying time. In the chemical fertilizer industry, growth morphology and particle size distribution are important because they determine product properties such as separation, fluidization, compaction, dissolution, and packaging. The products must be balanced during the storage period and have the ability to dissolve properly to be absorbed by the soil and plants. In the pharmaceutical industry, this issue becomes more sensitive (Sangwal, 2007). In an optimal crystallization, the product has a smooth surface and high purity, and the size of the particles is also determined according to its application.

    The morphology and characteristics related to the shape of the crystal are also important in the investigation of kidney stone disease. The purpose of this research is to study the effect of additives on the shape of calcium oxalate crystals as the most common type of kidney stones. The monohydrate type of this crystal is the most abundant form of calcium oxalate kidney stones due to its high thermodynamic stability. This species has a hexagonal shape and a sharp edge that cannot be discarded and has the ability to grow. An attempt is made to change its shape into a round and edgeless kidney, an effective step is taken to reduce the formation of this stone and eliminate it as easily as possible. does In the definition of kidney stone, it can be said that a kidney stone is a hard object that is formed by crystals that grow in the urine. Kidney is one of the internal organs of the human body and some other living beings. The kidney acts as a filter for blood purification and produces urine. Inside each kidney, there are more than a million functional units called nephrons [1]. Each nephron consists of a very small filter called clofa [2] which is connected to a small tube. Water and waste materials are separated from the blood by this filter and flow into small tubes.Most of this water is reabsorbed by small tubes, and waste materials enter the urine in a concentrated form to be excreted. The urine collected from the small tubes enters the funnel-shaped part called the renal pelvis and then enters the bladder through a tube called the urethra (Wikipedia). They are responsible for excess fluids from the blood, which are effective in maintaining the general health of the body. Severe kidney disease may lead to its complete failure, which requires treatment with dialysis or a kidney transplant to prevent death.

    Kidney stone disease has become one of the most common diseases in the last century. There are different types of kidney stones and they are composed of organic and inorganic materials. Inorganic compounds are the most important component of them, which make up almost 98% of the weight of stones. Calcium stones such as calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate are among the most common stones that are deposited in the kidney, and more than 70 to 80% of them are composed of calcium oxalate (Khan, 1993).

    Figure 1-1 shows examples of calcium stones. Also, Figure 2-1 shows examples of stones in the kidney. If the body's self-control system is not able to prevent the formation of stones or remove the produced stones, other methods should be used to treat this disease. Patients with kidney stones are treated by various ways such as surgery, the use of oral supplements, and the use of herbal medicines. Calcium

     

    By

     Mohammad Amin Azadi Chegini

     

    Major part of kidney stones, the most common diseases in the world, are formed by calcium oxalate. Recently, investigation of effective factors in controlling the kidney stone diseases through the controlling of oxalate calcium crystals was noticed. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of tripotassium citrate on the structure and shape of calcium oxalate crystal as the main component of most kidney stones. In this study additive materials were used to affect the four different factors temperature, concentration, rate of mixing, and pH by Taguchi experiment design method at three different levels in the design of statistical experiment and orthogonal array L9( ). Crystals formed in the crystallization process of each test were filtered and dried. Subsequently, the crystals were evaluated using electron microscopy images (SEM). The results of the statistical analysis and microscopic images showed that tripotassium citrate have significant effect on the morphology of calcium oxalate at the optimum condition which are temperature of 25°C, concentration of 60 gram per liter, mixing rate of 100 rpm and pH of 8.

    Keywords: Calcium Oxalate, Kidney Stones, Crystallization, Experiment Design, Taguchi Method, Morphology.

  • Contents & References of Effect of additives on crystal morphology in calcium oxalate crystallization process

    List:

    Chapter One: Introduction. 1

    1-1- Preface 2

    1-2- Kidney. 3

    1-3- kidney stone disease. 3

    1-4- Examining the production of kidney stones. 6

    1-5- calcium oxalate. 7

    1-6- potassium citrate. 8

    1-7- Necessity of research. 9

    1-8- Effective factors in changing the shape of the crystal 10

    1-8-1- Solvent effect. 10

    1-8-2- pH effect. 10

    1-8-3- supersaturation effect. 11

    1-8-4- Effect of temperature 11

    1-8-5- Effect of impurity. 11

    1-9- Crystal growth 12

    1-9-1- Surface energy theory. 12

    1-9-2- Theory of surface absorption layers. 12

    Chapter Two: An overview of past research. 15

    The third chapter: Theory. 21

    3-1- Theory of Taguchi method. 21

    3-1-1- Experiment design 21

    3-1-2- The purpose of experiment design. 22

    3-1-3- Test design steps. 22

    3-1-4- Functional ratio analysis. 28

    Chapter four: Laboratory operation. 30

    4-1- Device description 31

    4-2- Used equipment 37

    4-3- Used materials 37

    4-4- Tests. 37

    4-4-1- Use of additives in the crystallization process 37

    4-4-2- Test method. 38

    4-4-3- Tests designed to be performed. 39

    4-4-4-product. 40

    4-4- 4-1- Particle size distribution. 40

    4-4-4-2- Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) photography 41

    Chapter Five: Discussion and results. 42

    5-1- The results of MINITAB software. 44

    5-2- Results of microscopic photography and scanning electron microscope (SEM) 50

    5-3- Particle size distribution. 58

    Sixth chapter: conclusions and suggestions. 64

    6-1- Conclusion. 65

    6-2- Suggestions. 66

     Resources. 67

    Appendix    72

    Source:

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    El-Shall, H., Jeon, J.H., Abdel-Aal, E.A., Khan, S.R., Gower, L., Rabinovich, Y.I. (2004)." A study of primary nucleation of calcium oxalate monohydrate:

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    Jain, R.K.,Ball, (1997). Physical properties of pearl millet, Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 66, 85-9.

     

    K?rboga, Semra, Oner, Mualla. (2010). "The role of vinyl sulfonic acid homopolymer in calcium oxalate crystallization", Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, Vol. 78, 357–362. Kittel, C., (1996). Introduction to Solid State Physics, 7th ed., New York, Wiley.

     

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    Limei Song, Danv Wang, (2007). ''Sphericity Error Evaluation Based On 3D Optical Measurement'', Proceedings Of The Romanian Academy, Series A, Volume 8, Number 1/2007, pp.000-000.

     

    Lazic, Z.R., (2004). "Design of Experiments in chemical engineering", John Wiley.

     

    Liang, Minsi, Bai, Yan, Huang, Lili, Zheng, Wenjie, Liu, Jie. (2009)." Inhibition of the crystal growth and aggregation of calcium oxalate by elemental selenium nanoparticles", Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, Vol. 74, 366-369.

     

    McCabe, W.L., (1988). Unit Operation of Chemical Engineering. New York: McGraw Hill.

    Mohsenin, N., (1978). Physical properties of plant and animal materials, Gorden and Breach Science Publishers, New York.

     

    Ouyang, Jian-Ming, Zheng, Hui, Deng, Sui-Ping., (2006). "Simultaneous formation of calcium oxalate (mono-, di-, and trihydrate) induced by potassium tartrate in gelatinous system", Journal of Crystal Growth, vol. 293, 118-123.

     

    Randolph, D.A., Larson, A.M. Theory of Particulate Processes: Analysis and Techniques of Continuous Crystallization, second ed., San Diego, USA, (1988).

     

    Radmehr, F., N. Shams Gharneh, (2013). "A Forecasting Model based on High-Order Fuzzy Time Series and Simulated Annealing Algorithm", International Journal of Industrial Engineering & Production Management, Volume 24, Number 1, pp. 95-106

     

    Roy, R.K., "A Primer on the Taguchi method", (1990). NewYork: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

     

    Randolph A. D. and M. A. Larson, (1988). Theory of Particulate Processes. London: Academic Press Ink. Sharifian, M., R. Dalirani, (2010). "Evaluation of response to treatment with polycitra-K in urolithiasis of children". JQUMS, Vol.14, No.4, winter 2011, pp.28-33

     

    Sympatec GmbH, (2012). Fundamentals – Particle Size and Shape Calculation by Image Analysis. (http://www.sympatec.com/EN/ImageAnalysis/Fundamentals.html)

     

    Sayan, P., Titiz Sargut, S., and K?ran, B., (2009). "Calcium oxalate crystallization in the presence of amino acids, proteins and carboxylic acids", Cryst. Res. Technol. Vol. 44, No. 8, 807-817.

     

    Taesung, J., Woo-Sik, K., and Chang Kyun, C., (2005)." Crystal structure and morphology control of calcium oxalate using biopolymeric additives in crystallization", Journal of Crystal Growth, Vol. 279, 154-162.

     

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Effect of additives on crystal morphology in calcium oxalate crystallization process
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