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  3. Modeling and simulation of phenol removal from wastewater by membrane contact type bioreactor

Modeling and simulation of phenol removal from wastewater by membrane contact type bioreactor

Number of pages: 70 File Format: word File Code: 31765
Year: 2014 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering
Tags/Keywords: Biological reactions - Membrane bioreactor - Membrane contactor - Modeling - Phenol - Simulation
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  • Summary of Modeling and simulation of phenol removal from wastewater by membrane contact type bioreactor

    Master thesis on simulation and process design

    Abstract

    So far, many methods have been proposed to remove phenol from wastewater, among which the membrane bioreactor process has received attention in the last decade. The use of hollow fiber membrane contactor in this process is to avoid direct contact between two phases and increase the surface-to-volume ratio. In the current project, modeling and simulation of phenol removal from wastewater using this contactor has been done. Also, the effect of parameters such as flow rate of phases, initial concentration, membrane length and internal and external radius of the membrane on the removal efficiency of phenol from the wastewater has been investigated.

    The partial differential equations provided in the model along with its boundary conditions have been solved by simulation by COMSOL software, using the finite element method. The simulation results were compared with the available experimental data and a relatively good fit was observed. As the initial concentration increases, the efficiency of phenol removal decreases. Increasing the cell phase flow rate slightly increases the phenol removal efficiency. Also, increasing the length of the membrane to some extent improves the removal efficiency. With the increase in the number of membrane fibers inside the contactor, the efficiency first increases and then decreases.

    Key words: membrane bioreactor, hollow fiber membrane contactor, modeling, simulation, phenol

    Foreword

    With increasing population and increasing expansion Industrial factories, the amount of water consumption has increased globally. Due to the lack of available drinking water, one of the ways to supply water is to reuse surface water and wastewater. But due to the presence of pollutants and toxic materials in the waste water, they cannot be used directly. Phenol is one of the most dangerous pollutants that is present in the effluent of various industries such as oil refineries and petrochemical factories, resin and plastic, fabric and paper. Many methods have been proposed to remove phenol, but depending on its concentration and amount, each method is used in its place.

    Membrane bioreactor is a new method to remove phenol from wastewater. In this process, the hollow fiber membrane contactor is used to prevent the hindrance of phenol, the direct contact of two phases, the production of foam and overflow, and the formation of emulsion. Also, hollow fiber membrane contactors, due to their compactness and high surface-to-volume ratio, can significantly save the weight of devices as well as the required space while providing proper efficiency. This method is useful in cases where the ratio of solvent to feed is too high or too low. In fact, in the membrane bioreactor, the advantages of the bioreactor and membrane technology are combined.

    Taking into account the features of the membrane bioreactor process compared to other separation methods, in the present project, the modeling and simulation of phenol removal from the wastewater by the membrane bioreactor is addressed, in order to obtain a better understanding of its performance.

    In the first chapter of the present project, first General information about phenol and its disadvantages, its removal and separation methods, the advantages and disadvantages of each of them, and the kinetics of biological reactions are mentioned.

    In the second chapter, the membrane bioreactor process is briefly introduced, and then the researches conducted in the field of phenol removal from wastewater by bioreactors and their results are discussed.

    In the chapter Third, the modeling of the process and the equations governing all three parts inside the fibers, the membrane and the shell as well as the tanks, along with their appropriate boundary conditions are presented.

    In the fourth chapter, the COMSOL software is first introduced, and then the steps of simulating and implementing the equations governing the process along with their boundary conditions in the software are explained step by step.

    In the fifth chapter, the results of The simulation is compared with the experimental data obtained from the tests. Also, at the end of the chapter, the effect of changing different parameters on the efficiency of phenol removal is investigated.

    In the sixth chapter, the results are summarized and suggestions for future studies are presented.

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    1-1        Introduction

    The lack of available drinking water and the ever-increasing amount of gases A greenhouse in the earth's atmosphere has caused scientists and researchers to look for a basic solution to solve this problem; Because these gases will increase the temperature of the earth's surface and, as a result, the melting of natural glaciers and the evaporation of surface water.

    Due to the lack of drinking water, researchers are trying to use the available effluents to irrigate agricultural lands or in industrial factories. But sewage cannot be used directly because some of them contain toxic, dangerous and harmful substances for human health and the environment. Also, some wastes cannot be buried directly or enter the environment, especially the wastes related to hospitals, chemical factories and military and chemical weapons because the amount of pollutants in this waste is very high. With these interpretations, before use, they must be purified and their pollutants, microbes and harmful substances are removed. However, depending on the type and quality of the effluent, various methods have been presented, some of which will be mentioned in this chapter. These compounds are produced naturally from coal tar and gasoline distillation and artificially by heating sodium benzene sulfate with sodium hydroxide under high pressure []. Normally, about 6 million tons of phenol are produced worldwide [2]. Phenol and its derivatives are present in the wastewater of various industries such as oil refineries, coal furnaces, coking plants, petrochemical plants [2], resin and plastic, textile and leather factories, paper and paper pulp, foundry processes and rubber recycling factories, and they enter the environment mainly through the discharge of wastewater from these industries [3]

    1         

     

    Abstract

    Already, many methods have been provided in order to removal of phenol from wastewater, that membrane bioreactor process was considered among them in a last decade. In this process, the hollow fiber membrane was used to avoid direct contact of the two phases and increase the surface to volume ratio. In this project, modeling and simulation of phenol removal from wastewater by using these contactors have been investigated. Also the effects of parameters such as phase flow rate, initial concentration, membrane length and inner and outer membrane diameter on phenol removal efficiency from wastewater were investigated.

    The system of partial differential equation with its boundary in model has been solved by using finite element method in the COMSOL software. The results of simulation were compared with available experimental data and a relatively appropriate match was observed. The phenol removal performance was decreased by increasing the initial concentration. Increasing of the cell phase flow rates have no significant effect on the phenol removal efficiency. Also the removal efficiency was improved somewhat by increasing the membrane length.

  • Contents & References of Modeling and simulation of phenol removal from wastewater by membrane contact type bioreactor

    List:

     

    List of figures .. 7

    List of tables .. 11

    Abstract .. 12

    Foreword .. 13

    1. First chapter 13

    1-1 Introduction. 14

    1-2 Identification of phenolic pollutant. 14

    1-3 methods of removing phenol. 16

    1-3-1 surface absorption. 17

    1-3-2 ion exchange resins. 18

    1-3-3 electrocoagulation. 19

    1-3-4 advanced oxidation processes. 19

    1-3-5 use of CO2 supercritical fluid. 20

    1-3-6 Use of UV rays. 21

    1-3-7 biological methods. 22

    1-3-8 membrane processes. 24

    2. Chapter Two 31

    2-1 Introduction 32

    2-1-1 Membrane bioreactor. 32

    2-2 Review of research conducted in the field of phenol removal by bioreactor 33

    3. Chapter 3 41

    3-1 computational fluid dynamics. 42

    3-2 Description of the process 42

    3-3 Assumptions 43

    3-4 Equations for inside fibers 45

    3-5 Equations for membrane 46

    3-6 Equations for shell. 47

    3-7 reaction mechanism 48

    3-8 governing equation for feed tank 49

    3-9 governing equation for cell tank 49

    4. Chapter 4 50 4-1 Introduction. 51

    4-2 How to perform simulation with the help of software. 51

    5. The fifth chapter 59 5-1 Introduction 60 5-2 Concentration distribution 60 5-2-1 Concentration distribution inside fibers. 60

    5-2-2 Concentration distribution in the shell. 61

    5-3 Speed ??distribution 62

    5-3-1 Speed ??distribution inside fibers. 62

    5-3-2 Velocity distribution inside the shell. 63

    4-5 Effect of operating conditions on phenol removal efficiency. 64

    5-4-1 Effect of initial concentration. 65

    5-4-2 Effect of cell phase flow rate. 65

    5-4-3 The influence of the external radius of the membrane. 66

    5-4-4 The influence of the internal radius of the membrane. 67

    6. The sixth chapter 68

    6-1 Conclusion 69

    6-2 Suggestions 69

    7. References       70

    Source:

    1          

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    [14] Y. Ma, N. Gao, W. Chu, and C. Li, "Removal of phenol by powdered activated carbon adsorption," Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, vol. 7, pp. 158-165, 2013.

    [15] N. Roostaei and F. H. Tezel, "Removal of phenol from aqueous solutions by adsorption," Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 70, pp. 157-164, 2004.

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    [17]     R. Aravindhan, J. R. Rao, and B. U. Nair, "Application of a chemically modified green macro alga as a biosorbent for phenol removal," Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 90, pp. 1877-1883, 2009.

    [18] N. Siva Kumar, M. Venkata Subbaiah, A. Subba Reddy, and A. Krishnaiah, "Biosorption of phenolic compounds from aqueous solutions onto chitosan–abrus precatorius blended beads," Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, vol. 84, pp. 972-981, 2009.

    [19] S. D. Alexandratos, "Ion-exchange resins: a retrospective from industrial and engineering chemistry research," Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, vol. 48, pp. 388-398, 2008. [20] K.-C. Lee and Y. Ku, "Removal of chlorophenols from aqueous solution by anion-exchange resins," Separation Science and Technology, vol. 31, pp. 2557-2577, 1996.

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    [22] Z. Ahmed, S. Lyne, and R. Shahrabani, "Removal and recovery of phenol from phenolic wastewater via ion exchange and polymeric resins," Environmental Engineering Science, vol. 17, pp. 245-255, 2000.

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    [24] C. Feng, N. Sugiura, S. Shimada, and T. Maekawa, "Development of a high performance electrochemical wastewater treatment system," Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 103, pp. 65-78, 2003. [25] ?. ?rdemez, N. Demircio?lu, Y. ?. Y?ld?z, and Z. Bingül, "The effects of current density and phosphate concentration on phosphate removal from wastewater by electrocoagulation using aluminum and iron plate electrodes," Separation and Purification Technology, vol. 52, pp. 218-223, 2006.

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Modeling and simulation of phenol removal from wastewater by membrane contact type bioreactor
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