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  3. Fabrication of polypyrrole composite on polyvinyl alcohol and its application in removing methyl orange from aqueous solutions

Fabrication of polypyrrole composite on polyvinyl alcohol and its application in removing methyl orange from aqueous solutions

Number of pages: 102 File Format: word File Code: 31759
Year: 2014 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering
Tags/Keywords: Artificial colors - Color waste - Game colors - malachite - Methyl orange color - Polypyrrole composite - Polyvinyl alcohol - Surface absorption
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  • Summary of Fabrication of polypyrrole composite on polyvinyl alcohol and its application in removing methyl orange from aqueous solutions

    Thesis

    Master's degree

    Department: Chemical Engineering

    Abstract:

    In this research, the absorption of methyl orange dye, which is one of the most widely used dyes in the textile industry, by polypyrrole adsorbent based on poly Vinyl alcohol has been treated.

    The tests were performed in a discontinuous system and by colored solution with a concentration of 40ppm. After synthesis, the adsorbent was analyzed by scanning electron microscope and infrared Fourier transform. And finally, the effect of parameters such as pH, contact time, adsorbent mass, and initial concentration were studied and all these parameters were optimized. The results indicated that the optimal pH for color absorption under the mentioned conditions and at a temperature of 20 degrees Celsius was 9. is The amount of adsorption reached equilibrium after 17 minutes and the optimum adsorbent mass value was considered to be 0.25 grams according to the economic justification.

    Kinetics were investigated with Maurice Weber, pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models, and the pseudo-second-order model had the best correlation coefficient and, as a result, the best match.

    Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin isotherms - Radeshkevich investigated and as a result Langmuir model showed the best fit, which results in the absorption following a single layer model.

    Key words: surface absorption, polypyrrole composite based on polyvinyl alcohol, methyl orange, colored wastewater

    1-1-    Introduction:

    With expansion Industries and factories inevitably increase industrial effluents. The release of these wastes into the environment causes disruption in the lives of humans and living beings.

    Paints are an important part of industrial waste that strongly affects water and is difficult to separate.

    Many industries, such as paper, textile, and plastic industries, use a variety of colors. In the meantime, the use of color in the textile industry is remarkable.

    The presence of a small amount of color in the effluent of the textile industry reduces transparency and creates chemical reactions in the water. Dyes exist in hydrolyzed form in wastewater, which cannot be separated by filters [12].

    In 1997, an organization was formed in the United Kingdom called ETAD[1], whose purpose was to approve laws to provide indicators for the development of water and industrial wastewater hygiene.

    This organization studied more than 4000 types of dyes and the most polluted color Introduced the colors of the game. In 1997, the British Environmental Agency announced that the percentage of dyes in industrial effluents should be zero, that is, no dyes should be present in the water and enter the environment. The amount of water used in the textile industry is 25-250 cubic meters per ton of product [3.2] .

    The dyes have a complex structure that is widely used in the textile industry and eventually enters the environment. become [4]. Dyes are divided into different groups in terms of chemistry and application [5]. Mainly due to the low efficiency of dyeing and sometimes depending on the nature of the dyes, about 50% of reactive dyes, 8-20% of disperse dyes [2], and one percent of pigment dyes [3] enter the wastewater directly [6, 7]. They have the most variety. Usually these colors are resistant to biological decomposition and cannot be removed. The reason for that is perhaps the lack of enzymes necessary for the decomposition of dyes in the environment [9]. Dye hydrolysis occurs when the dye molecule reacts with water instead of reacting with the hydroxyl groups of cellulose [8]. Hydrolyzed dyes cannot be reused [7].

    Since many dyes cannot be removed through biological decomposition, research on their removal has been given much attention] [6].

    Studies have shown that dyes have carcinogenic properties, especially bladder cancer in humans]10[.

    As a result, textile dyes are considered a threat to human health and the environment all over the world, and the effluents must be properly refined before entering the nature [1 and 11].

    Under normal conditions, 20-50% of the reactive dyes used in the textile process are wasted and cannot be reused due to the change in chemical structure during the dyeing stage. be placed.

    The uncontrolled discharge of these colors has irreparable effects. Reactive colors are resistant to light and chemical agents and are very stable in natural environments. Therefore, the management of wastewater containing reactive dyes is important from an environmental point of view. Reactive sulfonated dyes are highly soluble in water, and their absorption on biological masses is weak and they do not decompose under aerobic conditions in common purification systems [1] 1-2- Classification of dyes: Usually, dye compounds are classified in different ways, for example, vegetable and non-vegetable dyes, natural and artificial, organic and inorganic dyes. But one of the classifications is based on the applications, below the colors are classified according to this]1 [.

    1-2-1-                   Game colors [4]:

    These types of colors are organic compounds or hydrochlorides, which are cationic chromophores. For this reason, this category is also called cationic colors and usually has the general formula HO- - R- - are NH2. Various colors belong to this group:

    Triphenylmethane derivatives such as malachite [5] green, methyl green, .

    Thiazin derivatives, the most obvious example of which is methylene blue.

    Game paint that contains oxazine, such as blue Meldola

    Ornaments like neutral red

    Game colors that contain azo, such as Bessimark brown]1 [.

     

    1-2-1-1-           Characteristics of game colors:

    Color Baz easily dissolves in alcohol, but rarely and under special conditions dissolves in water. In some cases, the dissolution is accompanied by the decomposition of the dye molecule.

    Without exception, all of them turn into an insoluble substance combined with tannic acid]12[.

    1-2-1-2-        Applications of game dyes in dyeing:

    Cellulosic fibers do not tend to react with game dyes unless they have a tendency to react with game dyes. Impregnation of tannic acid as a stabilizer is created with cellulosic fibers. Game dyes are suitable for dyeing silk and wool. For synthetic fibers, a similar operation should be done with cellulosic fibers [1]. 1-2-2- Acid dyes [6]: These dyes are sodium salts, sulfonic and carboxylic acids, and for fibers Cellulose are inappropriate. But they are suitable for protein and polyamide fibers. Acidic dyes are only absorbed by the fibers with the help of heat, and they are not absorbed by the fibers at less than 39 degrees, and the higher the temperature, the more dyes are absorbed. This group includes:

    triphenylmethane derivatives[7], such as xylene blue[8]

    Abstract:

    Adsorption of methyl orange which is widely used in textile industry by polypyrrole adsorbent based on polyvinyl alcohol has been examined in this study. Experiments were performed in batch and dye concentration was 40ppm. After synthesis of adsorbent SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope), and FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared) tests were carried out.
    The effect of parameters such as pH, contact time, initial concentration and adsorbent mass were studied and all the parameters were optimized.

  • Contents & References of Fabrication of polypyrrole composite on polyvinyl alcohol and its application in removing methyl orange from aqueous solutions

    List:

    Chapter One: Introduction and research overview

    1-1 Introduction. 2

    1-2-Classification of colors.4

    1-2-1-Game colors.4

    1-2-1-1-Characteristics of game colors.5

    1-2-1-2-Use of game colors.5

    1-2-2-Acid colors.5

    1-2-3-Direct colors.6

    1-2-4-Dental colors.6

    1-2-5-Azoic colors.7

    1-2-6-Redigog colors.7

    1-2-7-Pottery colors.7

    1-2-8- Colloidal dyes. 8

    1-2-9-Active dyes. 8

    1-3- Pollution caused by dyes. 9

    1-3-1- Pollution caused by solvents and its control. 9

    1-3-2- Pollution caused by dyes and their control. 10

    1-3-2-1- Dyes Epoxy. 10

    1-3-2-2-polyurethane paints. 10

    1-3-2-3-vinyl paints. 11

    1-3-3-pollution caused by pigments. 11

    1-4-studies in the design of paints. 11

    1-4-1-paints for poly Esters. 12

    1-4-2- Dyes for polyamides and proteins. 12

    1-4-3- Dyes for cationic polymers. 12

    1-4-4- Dyes for cellulosic polymers. 12

    1-4-5- Hair dyes. 13

    1-5- Application of dyes. 13

    1-6-Environmental aspects.17

    1-7-Aspects of dye toxicity.17

    1-8-Removing color from colored wastewater.18

    1-8-1-Characteristics of textile wastewater.18

    1-9-Treatment of textile wastewater.19

    1-9-1 Physical treatments.23

    1-9-1-1-adsorption.23

    1-9-1-2-membrane filtration.24

    1-9-1-3-ion exchange.24

    1-9-1-4-coagulation.24

    1-9-2-chemical treatments.25

    1-9-2-1-identifier Fenton. 25

    1-9-2-2-ozonation. 25

    1-9-2-3-photochemical. 26

    1-9-2-4-sodium hypochlorite. 26

    1-9-3-electrolysis. 26

    1-9-4-humid air oxidation. 26

    1-9-5-ultrasound.27

    1-9-6-biological treatment.27

    1-10-adsorption................................29

         1-10-1 common absorbents.29

    1-10-1-1-activated carbon.30

    1-10-1-2-chips Wood.30

    1-10-1-3-peat.30

    1-10-2-Surface absorption.31

    1-10-2-1-Effective factors on absorption.31

    1-10-2-1-1-Contact surface................................32

    1-10-2-1-2-Concentration........................32

    1-10-2-1-3-Temperature..............32

    1-10-2-1-4- Type of absorbent and absorbent material..............32

    1-10-2-1-5- State of absorbent and absorbent material..............32

    1-10-2-1-6-Environmental pH.33

    1-10-3-Isotherms Absorption...............34

    1-10-3-1-Langmuir isotherm model............................34

    1-10-3-2-Freundlich isotherm..........................35

    1-10-4-Kinetic models.................................36

    1-11-Methyl orange.................................38

    1-12-Classification Azo dyes...................38

    1-12-1-Mono azo...............................38

    1-13-Properties of polypyrrole and its composites.................39

    1-13-1-Production method..................39

    Chapter Two: Literature and research background

    Introduction.42

    2-1-History of colors. 42

    2-2-Removal of methyl orange and methylene blue from wastewater................44

    2-3-Removal of color from wastewater by cheap activated carbon obtained from agricultural waste. 44

    2-4-Study of kinetics and isotherm of methyl orange removal from wastewater using copper oxide catalyst prepared by waste printing paper...................45

    2-5-Kinetics and mechanism of methyl orange dye absorption on modified silica gel left over from a factory. 46

    2-6- Advanced treatment of wastewater containing methyl orange and heavy metals on Tio2 and ash and Their mixture...................47

    2-7-Kinetic model for removal of methyl orange from aqueous solution using avocado tree seeds................................47

    2-8-Two-parameter isotherm of methyl orange absorption by activated carbon..........48

    2-9-Study of kinetics and isotherm of nickel absorption from colored wastewater by PPy/PVA composite.49

    2-10-New methods.50

    2-10-1-Improvement of textile wastewater treatment by electron beam radiation.50

    Chapter three: Materials and test methods

    3-1-Materials and methods53

    3-2-Methyl orange characteristics.54

    3-3-Test method.55

    3-4-Making PPy/PVA57 composite

    3-5-Making polypyrrole absorbent.57

    Chapter four: Calculations and research findings

    4-1-Review The structure of the adsorbents by FTIR and SEM. 60

    4-1-1-Examination of SEM. 64

    4-2-Examination of various factors on adsorption. 68

    4-23-1-Examination of the effect of pH on absorption efficiency. 68

    4-2-2-Examination of the effect of reaction time on removal efficiency. 69

    4-2-3-Examination of the effect of adsorbent amount. on the removal efficiency. 4-2-4-Investigation of the effect of the concentration of methyl orange colored solution on the absorption efficiency. 71

    4-3-Investigation of absorption kinetics. 72

    4-3-1-Morris Weber linearized equation. 73

    4-3-2-Pseudo-first order linearized equation. 73

    4-3-3-linearized quasi-quadratic equation.74

    4-4-examination of adsorption isotherms.75

    4-4-1-linearized Langmuir equation.76

    4-4-2-linearized Freundlich equation.77

    4-4-3-linearized equation Dubinin-Radeshkevich. 78

    4-5-Comparison of Methyl Orange absorption by PPy, PVA, PPy/PVA adsorbents. 79

    Chapter five: Conclusion and suggestions

    5-1-Conclusion.82

    5-2-Suggestions.83

    Appendix: sources and References

     

    Source:

    Sh. Hosseini, making polypyrrole composite on polyethylene glycol and its application in removing methylene blue dye, Thesis, 2012

    [2] B. Neppolian, H.C. Choi, S. Sakthivel, B. Arabindoo, V. Murugesan. Solar Light and TiO2 assisted degradation of textile dye reactive blue 4. Chemosphere, 2002, 46: 1173-1181.

    [3] M.S. Lucas, J.A. Peres. Degradation of reactive black 5 by Fenton/UV-C and ferrioxalate/H2O2/solar light processes. Dyes Pigm, 2006. 1-8 [4] F. Al-Momani, E. Touraud, J.R. Degorce-Dumas, J. Roussy, O. Thomas. Biodegradability enhancement of textile dyes and textile wastewater by UV photolysis. J Photochem. Photobiol, 2002., A. 153: 191-197

    [5] X.R. Xu, H.B. Li, W.H. Wang. Degradation of dyes in aqueous solutions by the Fenton process. Chemosphere, 2004.57.595-600.

    [6] N. Azbar, T. Yonar, Kestioglu. Comparison of various advanced oxidation processes and chemical treatment methods for COD and color removal from a polyester and acetate fiber dyeing effluent. Chemosphere. 2004,55: 35-43

    [7] I. Arsalan, I.A. Balcioglu, D.W. Bahnemann. Advanced chemical oxidation of reactive dyes in simulated dyehouse effluents by ferrioxalate-Fenton/UV-A and TiO2/UV-A processes. Dyes Pigm. 2000, 47: 207-218 [8] C.I. Pearce, J.R. Lloyd, J.T. Guthrie, The removal of color from textile wastewater using whole bacterial cells: a review. Dyes Pigm, 2003, 58: 179-196.                                                                                          

    [9] S. Akhtar, A.A. Khan, Q. Husain, Potential of immobilized bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) peroxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile dyes from polluted wastewater and dyeing effluent. Chemosphere, 2005. 60: 291-301. [10] N. Daneshvar, D. Salari, A.R. Khataee. Photocatalytic degradation of acidred azo dye in water: investigation of effect of operational parameters. J. Photochem. Photobiol., A., 2003,157: 111-116.

    [11] I. Nilsson, A. Moller, B. Mattiasson, M. S. T. rubindamayagi, U. Welander, Decolorization of synthetic and real textile wastewater by the use of white-rot fungi. Enzyme, Microbe. Technol. 2006, 38: 94-100.

Fabrication of polypyrrole composite on polyvinyl alcohol and its application in removing methyl orange from aqueous solutions
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