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Simulation of dynamic surface tension phenomenon in solvent oil systems based on permeation process

Number of pages: 107 File Format: word File Code: 31751
Year: 2012 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Chemical - Petrochemical Engineering
Tags/Keywords: Dynamic surface tension - hexadecimal - Infiltration process - molecular penetration - oil extraction - Solvent oil systems - Surface tension phenomenon
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  • Summary of Simulation of dynamic surface tension phenomenon in solvent oil systems based on permeation process

    Master thesis in the field of chemical engineering

    Abstract

    Simulation of the phenomenon of dynamic surface tension in solvent oil systems based on the infiltration process

    One ??of the prominent processes in the field of increasing extraction from oil reservoirs is gas injection. Therefore, a correct understanding of the mechanisms and how these processes are carried out is a big step towards increasing the productivity of oil reservoirs. In this research, the mechanism of mass transfer in gas-liquid systems for two hydrocarbons in oil, in the presence of carbon dioxide and nitrogen gases, is investigated. Since the change of dynamic surface tension is the result of mass transfer between liquid and gas phase, in the present research, two different mass transfer models for these systems were presented based on the data of dynamic surface tension available in the Zidyar harvesting center. By comparing the results obtained from the models with the actual results, the mass transfer model including the resistance at the boundary of two fluids was selected as the correct mass transfer model and the effect of temperature, pressure and time parameters on the mass transfer coefficients was investigated. Based on the obtained results, the mass transfer coefficient at the boundary of two fluids decreases with the passage of time and increases with increasing pressure; But the changes of this coefficient with temperature do not have a clear trend, which is due to the different effect of two phenomena of solubility and permeability in mass transfer. In general, in systems where nitrogen is used as a gas phase, the mass transfer resistance at the boundary of two fluids is higher than in systems containing carbon dioxide. In addition, the systems containing heptane show a lower boundary value than the systems containing hexadecane.

    Introduction

    Recent studies show that the process of molecular penetration of a gas such as carbon dioxide plays an essential role in oil extraction processes. Therefore, a study of mass transfer in gas-oil systems, in the temperature and pressure conditions of the reservoir, seems necessary [1-4]. Physically, the process of molecular penetration of gas in oil takes place in three stages. First, the injected gas moves towards the gas-oil boundary and then penetrates the boundary and finally enters the oil phase. Mass transfer of gas in oil causes the boundary characteristics between crude oil and injected gas to change. In the past, many studies have been presented to determine mass transfer parameters in different gas-oil systems. One of these methods is the use of changing the dynamic surface tension of the system [5]. Surface tension at the boundary of two fluids is a result of excess energy that is created by unsaturated intermolecular forces on the surface [6]. This parameter can be measured by various methods, which are fully explained in the second chapter.

    According to the investigations, surface tension is probably the most important factor that causes about one third of the in situ oil to become unrecoverable after flooding with water or drifting with gas [8]. A woman with halal is of special importance. A solvent can be injected into the reservoir to displace the oil. This injection can cause miscible (single-phase) or immiscible (two-phase) displacement [7].

    The effective mechanisms in the displacement of oil by solvent are:

    Extraction of light [1] (and even medium) components of oil by fluid

    Decreasing the surface tension between solvent and oil and reducing Oil viscosity through solvent dissolution in oil[2]

    3.   Oil swelling through the penetration of solvent into the oil[3]

    Among the existing methods for measuring surface tension, the suspended drop method[4] has been more widely used in high temperature and pressure.

    In this research, using the experimental data of equilibrium and dynamic surface tension, for gas-normal paraffin systems, two different types of mass transfer models on the suspended drop system are investigated, and the method that results According to the laboratory results, it can be introduced as the main model of mass transfer.Likewise, the effect of temperature, pressure, time and type of materials participating in the process on the mass transfer process was determined. 

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    The second chapter

     

     
     

     

     

     

     

    2- Basics of research

     

     

    In this chapter and the next chapter, explanations will be given about the key words in the thesis title. First, we define surface tension and its measurement methods.

    2-1- Equilibrium surface tension and its measurement methods

    In a liquid phase, molecules are completely surrounded by other molecules. become, so that the attraction force is the same in all directions. But at the boundary, the intermolecular forces are not of the same type, and as a result, they do not neutralize each other. This interaction causes an inward force. This phenomenon is exactly the factor that causes small droplets to take on a spherical shape. Therefore, it can be said that surface tension[5] is the tendency of the surface to contract, to minimize the interfacial area [9]. rtl;">By:

    Fatemeh Nikkhou

    Gas injection is considered as one of the most important methods among EOR techniques. Therefore, having a good understanding about its mechanisms and details of this process is a vital step to enhance the recovery of oil reservoirs. In this study, mass transfer process is simulated for two hydrocarbons in the presence of carbon dioxide and nitrogen. Mass transfer process results in dynamic interfacial tension changes between two phases. Thus, in the thesis, two different mass transfer models were introduced based on dynamic interfacial tension data. Comparison of the obtained results from the models with experimental data showed that mass transfer model including interfacial resistance was considered as the governing mechanism and the effect of temperature, pressure, and time on the interface mass transfer coefficient was examined. According to obtained results, interface mass transfer coefficient decreased by passing the time and increased with temperature, although changes of this coefficient with temperature, did not show any specific trend and this phenomenon was attributed to behavior of diffusion and solubility relative to mass transfer process. interfacial resistance. Moreover, in systems that heptanes acted as liquid phase, interfacial resistance was lower than those in systems consisting of hexadecane.

  • Contents & References of Simulation of dynamic surface tension phenomenon in solvent oil systems based on permeation process

    List:

    The first chapter: Introduction..1

    The second chapter: Basics of research. 4

    2-1- Equilibrium surface tension and its measurement methods. 5

    2-1-1- First category: Measurement using a microbalance. 7

    2-1-2- second category: Measurement of capillary pressure. 8

    2-1-3- third category: Balance analysis between gravity and capillary forces. 9

    2-1-4- fourth category: Analysis of drops diverted by gravity. 10

    2-2- Dynamic surface tension. 13

    The third chapter: Methods of measuring the diffusion coefficient. 14

    3-1- Methods of measuring the diffusion coefficient directly. 16

    3-2- Methods of measuring the diffusion coefficient indirectly. 16

    3-2-1- Measuring the diffusion coefficient based on the change in gas volume. 16

    3-2-2- Measuring the diffusion coefficient based on the change of gas pressure. 18

    3-2-3- Size Measurement of diffusion coefficient based on equilibrium and dynamic surface tension analysis. 19

    3-2-4- Measurement of diffusion coefficient based on the shape of a suspended droplet. 22

    3-2-5- Measurement of diffusion coefficient based on the volume of a suspended droplet. 25

    Chapter four: An overview of the conducted research. 27

    4-1- Background of the research. 28

    Chapter five: Doing the work. 32

    5-1- Laboratory part. 33

    5-1-1- Materials used. 34

    5-1-2- Equipment used in the experiment. 34

    5-1-3- Test description. 35

    5-2- Modeling part. 36

    5-2-1- Mass transfer model. 37 Chapter Six: Results.. 44

    6-1- Measurement of dynamic surface tension. 44

    6-2- Equilibrium surface tension. 47

    6-3- Calculation of diffusion coefficient assuming the absence of resistance at the gas-liquid boundary. 52

    6-4- Calculation of the mass transfer coefficient at the gas-liquid boundary assuming the presence of boundary resistance. 59

    6-5- The effect of temperature, pressure and time on the transfer coefficient. Border crime. 60

    Seventh chapter: Conclusion. 72

    Chapter eight: Suggestions.75

     Resources..77

    Source:

     

    [1] Stalkup, F. I. “Jr. Miscible Displacement”; Monograph Series; SPE, Vol. 8, 1983.

    [2] Boustani, A., Maini, B. B., "The Role of Diffusion and Convective Dispersion in Vapor Extraction Process". Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology. Vol. 40, 68-77, 2001.

     

    [3] Bijeljic, B., Muggeridge, A. H., Blunt, M. J., "Multicomponent Mass Transfer across Water Films During Hydrocarbon Gas Injection". Chemical Engineering Science. Vol. 58, 2377-2388, 2003.

    [4] Hoteit, H., Firoozabadi, A., "Numerical Modeling of Diffusion in Fractured Media for Gas Injection and Recycling Schemes". Paper SPE 103292 presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, San Antonio, TX, September 24-27, 2006.

    [5] Yang, D., Gu, Y., "Determination of diffusion coefficients and interface mass transfer coefficients of the crude oil-CO2 system by analysis of the dynamic and equilibrium interfacial tensions". Industrial and Chemical Research Journal, Vol. 47, 5447-5455, 2008. [6] Derlich, L., Fang, C.L. "Measurement of Interfacial Tension in Fluid-Fluid Systems". Encyclopedia of Surface and Colloid Science. 3152-3165, 2002. [7] Baruffet, M. "EOR Course, Module4: Solvent Flooding." PETE609, 2001. [8] Gu, Y., Yang, D. "Interfacial Tensions and Visual Interactions of Crude Oil-Brine-CO2 Systems Under Reservoir Conditions". Paper 2004-083 presented at the Petroleum Society's 5th Canadian International Petroleum Conference, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, June 8-10, 2004.

    [9] Moules, Carole; Camtel Ltd."The Role Of Interfacial Tension Measurement in Oil Industry."

     

    [10]  Pashley, R. M., Karman, M. E. (2004), Applied Colloid and Surface Chemistry. Austria: John Wiley & Sons.

     

    [11]  Dopoerala, K., Javadi, A., Kragel, J., Schano, K.H., Kalogianni, E.P., Leser, M.E., Miller, R., “Dynamic Interfacial Tensions of Dietary Oils”. Colloids and Surfaces: A, Vol: 382, 261-265, 2002. [12] Juza, J., "The Pendant Drop Method of Surface Tension Measurement: Equation Interpolating The Shape, "The Pendant Drop Method of Surface Tension Measurement: Equation Interpolating The Shape Factor Tables For Several Selected Planes". Czechosloval Journal of physics, Vol: 47, 351-357, 1997. [13] Rusanov, A.I., Prokhorov, V.A., "Interfacial Tensiometry". Elsevier: Amsterdam, 1996. [14] Stauffer, C.E., "The measurement of surface tension by the pendent drop technique". Journal of Physical Chemistry, Vol. 69, 1933-1938, 1965.

    [15] Yang, D., Gu, Y., "A new experimental technique for studying gas mass transfer in crude oil by analysis of the dynamic measurements and equilibrium interfacial tension." , Proceedings of the SPE Annual Technical Conference, San Antonio, Texas, U.S.A., September 24-27, 2006.

    [16] Saboorian-Jooybari, H.," A novel methodology for simultaneous estimation of gas diffusivity and solubility in bitumens and heavy oils". Proceedings of the SPE Heavy Oil Conference Canada, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, June 12-14 2012. [17] Sigmund, P.M., "Prediction of Molecular Diffusion at Reservoir Conditions, Part I. Measurement and Prediction of Binary Dense Gas Diffusion Coefficients". Journal of Canadian Petroleum, Vol. 15, 48-57, 1976. [18] Renner, T. A., "Measurement and Correlation of Diffusion Coefficients for CO2 and Rich Gas Applications". SPE Reservoir Engineering, Vol. 3, 517-523, 1988. [19] Grogan, A.T., Pinczewski, V.W., Ruskauff, G.J., Orr Jr., F.M., "Diffusion of CO2 at reservoir conditions: Models and measurements". SPE Reservoir Engineering, Vol. 3, 93-102, 1988. [20] Zhang, Y., Hyndman, C.L. "Measurement of gas diffusivity in heavy oils". Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Vol. 25, 37-47, 2000.

    [21] Civan, F., Rasmussen, M.L., "Determination of gas diffusion and interface-mass-transfer coefficients for quiescent reservoir liquids". SPE Journal, Vol. 11, 71-79, 2006.

    [22] Yang, C., Gu, Y., "New Experimental Method for Measuring Gas Diffusivity in Heavy Oil by the Dynamic Pendant Drop Volume Analysis (DPDVA)". Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 44, 4474-4483, 2005.

    [23] Yang, C., "A New Method for Measuring Solvent Diffusivity in Heavy Oil by Dynamic Pendant Drop Shape Analysis (DPDSA)". SPE Journal, Vol. 11, 48-57, 2006 Science and Engineering, Vol. 14, 235-250, 1996. [25] Etminan, S.R., Pooladi-Darvish, M., Maini, B., Chen, Z., "Mass diffusion parameters in the presence of interface resistance in gas-bitumen systems". Proceedings of the Canadian Unconventional Resources & International Petroleum Conference, Calgary, Canada, 19-21 2010.

     

    [26]  Upreti, S.R., Mehrotra, A.K., "Experimental measurement of gas diffusivity in bitumen: results of carbon dioxide", Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 39, 1080-1087, 2000. [27] Sheikha, H., Pooladi-Darvish, M., Mehrotra, A.K., "Development of Graphical Methods for Estimating the Diffusivity Coefficient of Gases in Bitumen From Pressure-Decay Data". Fuel & Energy Journal, 19, 2041-2049, 2005.

     

    [28] Reamer, H.H., Opfell, J.B., Sage, B.H., "Diffusion Coefficient in Hydrocarbon Systems: Methane-Pentane in Liquid Phase", Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 48, 275-282, 1956. [29] Walas S.M., "Modeling with differential equations in chemical engineering", Butterworth-Heinemann series in chemical engineering, Boston, 1991.

    [30] Civan, F., Rasmussen, M.L., "Accurate Measurement of Gas Diffusivity in Oil and Brine Under Reservoir Conditions". Proceedings of the SPE Production and Operations Symposium, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, March 24–27, 2001.

Simulation of dynamic surface tension phenomenon in solvent oil systems based on permeation process
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