Comparison of the effects of selected yoga and massage exercises on pain level and range of motion of women suffering from occupational back pain

Academic thesis for obtaining a master's degree

Field: Physical Education           Major: Sports Physiology

Women suffering from occupational back pain. The statistical population of this research was working women suffering from back pain in Rasht city, from which 50 people were randomly selected and divided into two experimental groups of yoga and massage and a control group. and were subjected to a yoga and massage exercise program for 6 weeks and 2 sessions per week.

The measured variables were anthropometric indices, such as height, weight, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio. Also, joint flexibility indices in different movement positions, such as hip flexion, hip extension, trunk flexion, trunk extension, waist flexion, waist extension and the lateral bending of the spine, which was measured by goniometer and centimeter. Also, physiological indicators such as blood pressure, endurance and strength of the middle muscles of the body were measured using a sphygmomanometer and standard thumb extension and Plank tests, respectively. In addition, the amount of pain and physical activity of these people were also measured by McGill and Beck physical activity questionnaires.

From Kolmograph-Smirnov test It was used for the normal distribution of the data. Repeated two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and, in case of significance, the F ratio, Bonferroni's post hoc test was used to determine the difference between groups, and also, the correlated t test was used to determine the difference between the pre- and post-test. A significant level (P ? 0.05) was considered.

The results of the present research showed that 6 weeks of yoga and massage training program was effective in reducing the amount of pain and increasing the range of motion of the joints, and the amount of physical activity increased by reducing the amount of pain in them. Compared to massage, yoga exercises have been more in all indicators except hip flexion with 90 degree knee. The same results were obtained from the effect of yoga and massage on lumbar extension. There was no significant difference between yoga exercises and massage on the level of pain. It seems to reduce muscle tension, increase breathing capacity, decrease the excitability of spinal cord neurons to pain, and increase the level of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin and light. Adrenaline and the reduction of stress hormones are among the possible mechanisms affecting the reduction of pain in the yoga and massage group. In addition, there is a significant difference in the effect of yoga on the strength of the middle muscles of the body compared to massage. The effect of yoga and massage on the endurance of the middle muscles of the body was not significant.

Key words: yoga, massage, occupational back pain, range of motion, pain

Chapter One

research plan

Introduction

Back pain [1] is one of the major problems of public health. Many studies have shown that the prevalence of back pain is between 15-30% of the population and 19-43% in one month and 60-70% in a lifetime(57). Back pain is commonly seen in people aged 45 and younger. 50% of patients with back pain are admitted to hospitals every year, and almost 30% of these patients undergo surgery. Back pain often occurs in women. Out of every 1000 people, 70 women and 57 men suffer from back pain. Out of every 1000 people, 68.7 are white and 38.7 are white. Black people suffer from back pain (3). In Iran, the lifetime prevalence of back pain has been reported in 9% of surgeons, 84% of nurses, and 62% of pregnant women.

Activities that require frequent changes in body position, lifting heavy loads, bending and turning frequently, due to the imbalance of the body and pressure on the back area, can contribute to back pain. In addition to physical factors, psycho-social factors can also be effective in the onset of back pain.

Also, factors related to the work environment, including job support, social support from colleagues, and job satisfaction are among the factors affecting back pain. Every year, occupational back pain imposes a cost of over 38 billion dollars on the American industry (57). In 1996, back pain among 100,000 working women led to 500,000 days of sick leave. was (81).Industrialization and the development of offices and machines that should lead to reducing the tasks assigned to working people and providing more of their health and wellness needs in the work environment, on the one hand, and the increasing number of people suffering from occupational back pain in the society, on the other hand, prove that this development has not only made the work environment safer for the people of the society, but by adding psychological pressure to the working people, the society has made them vulnerable to suffering from all kinds of occupational back pains (1), the present research with The purpose of investigating the possibility of using complementary treatment methods (non-pharmacological), such as yoga and massage, has been carried out in patients with occupational back pain. 

1-2: statement of the problem

Past systematic review studies also show that back pain is one of the most expensive healthcare problems in today's societies (98). The direct cost of back pain treatment in America is estimated at 6.5 billion dollars per year, and the indirect costs that include lost giving working days and production, in total is more than 170 billion dollars (85). Every year in some countries like America, one out of every two adults suffers from this problem and 50 billion dollars are spent on medicine, massage and physiotherapy for these people (128). It is one of the studies on the prevalence of back pain in the population of Iranian workers, which was reported among food industry workers and carpet weavers, respectively (18). The main causes of back pain are not precisely known, but it seems that in most cases, back pain is caused by muscle weakness and improper body posture (132). This debilitating disease has a wide range of problems and consequences, such as pain and limitations in performing daily functions.

The impact of this disease on people can be classified according to the World Health Organization's global classification model of health and performance [2] in two dimensions of physiological disorder and functional disabilities (137).

80 percent of the human population, according to the statistics of the World Health Organization, During their lifetime, they suffer from back pain at least once and about 90% more than once. On the other hand, 75% of this population experiences back pain at the peak of working and production age, i.e. 30 to 59 years old, in this regard, it is reported that back pain is the second most common reason for visiting a doctor in 70% of people during their lifetime (21). Occupational back pain is considered as the most common debilitating musculoskeletal injury, which causes the request for occupational compensation. can be The economic dimensions resulting from this lesion have drawn the attention of many managers and led to numerous efforts to achieve a comprehensive approach to prevent and treat back pain (1). It seems that pain is one of the first manifestations of back pain pathology, which often causes activity limitation. People who suffer from back pain feel unable to return to their activities. As a result, they have problems both physically and mentally (2). Back pain in adults can occur suddenly or gradually due to one or more shocks, and it can be continuous with medication. Also, back pain is aggravated by physiological stress (76). Generally, based on the history of pain, back pain can be acute (less than 6 weeks), chronic (more than 6 weeks), semi-acute (12 weeks). be Its chronic type is a significant medical, economic and social problem, the prevalence of which is much higher in women than in men (135). In the present study, we try to answer the question of whether there is a difference between the effects of selected sports exercises, yoga and massage, on the amount of pain in the two ranges of motion of women suffering from occupational back pain?

1-3. Importance and Necessity Research

Nowadays, a lot of research has been done in connection with back pain and many non-pharmacological methods are suggested to these sufferers by these researches. (16).

In the early 19th century, Sweden's Perenrik Ling [3] started clinical use of the massager and as a result, he became the founder of the principles and rules of Swedish massage [4] (80 ).The effect of massage on reducing pain and improving the symptoms of different patients has been considered in many studies. In many studies, the physiological and psychological effects of massage have been noted (49).