Anthropometric indicators of players of different football and handball positions and their relationship with speed and agility

Master's Thesis in Sports Physiology (M.A)

Abstract:

The purpose of this research is to determine the anthropometric indicators of players in different football and handball positions and their relationship with speed and agility. 22 cases of anthropometric index in 58 players (in handball, the average age is 22.07, height 182.61, weight 82.92, and the standard deviation of age is 2.24, height 5.48, weight 5.42. And in football, the average age is 25.33, height 182.67, weight 76.60, and the standard deviation is age 3.47, height 4.73, Weight 6.34) was measured working in the Gilan provincial league in the fields of football and handball. The agility and speed of the subjects were measured in two Illinois agility tests and 20 meters speed in both handball and soccer groups. Kalmograph-Smirnov test was used to check the normality of data distribution in each of the measurements. To compare the anthropometric indicators between different positions, analysis of variance test and Gabriel's post hoc test were used, and to check the relationship between anthropometric indicators with speed and agility, Pearson's correlation coefficient was used. All statistical tests were performed by SPSS version 18 software at a significant level (p < 0.05). The results of Gabriel's test by comparing the knee width and ankle width indices of handball players in different positions showed that the knee width index was significantly higher in goalkeepers than in female line players. Also, the ankle width index was significantly higher in goalkeepers than in goalkeepers. Also, a pairwise comparison of weight indices and length of two hands of soccer players in different positions showed that the weight index of defenders and midfielders was significantly higher than forwards.  The length of two hands in goalkeepers was significantly higher than that of attackers. The height and sitting height indices of football players in different positions showed that the height index of goalkeepers and midfielders was significantly higher than forwards. Also, the sitting height index was significantly higher in defenders than attackers.

The results showed that among the anthropometric indices of handball players, weight, sitting height, elbow width and ankle circumference with speed and leg length, forearm length, elbow to fingertip, chest circumference, and thigh circumference had a negative and significant relationship with agility and arm circumference had a positive and significant relationship with agility. (P<0.05). Among football players' anthropometric indices, height, sitting height, thigh length, arm length, elbow to fingertip length, knee width, ankle width, and abdominal circumference had a negative and significant relationship with speed, arm length, hip circumference, and abdominal circumference with agility (P<0.05). According to the studies and reviews that were done, we came to the conclusion that in different football positions, goalkeepers and defenders are bigger than midfielders, and midfielders are also bigger than strikers. And in different handball positions, goalkeepers and sidekicks are bigger than women's lines, and women's lines are bigger than women's ears..

Chapter One

general research

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1-1. Introduction

Currently, in all sports fields, the aforementioned sciences and various technologies are used in order to implement sports movements and skills as best as possible and to implement different team tactics to achieve success. One of the fields that has been able to take advantage of various dimensions of science is the field of football [1]. Football is the most popular sport in the world, which is played by many men, women, children and adults at different levels of competition. The number of participants in 208 countries to reach the professional level is estimated at 200 thousand people and 200 million people at the amateur level (28). During a football match (90 minutes), most players usually run a distance between 10-12 km at an intensity close to the anaerobic threshold (80-90% of maximum heart rate or 70-80% of maximum oxygen consumption) (19,33). Accordingly, it has been estimated that aerobic metabolism provides 90% of a player's energy expenditure during a football match (33,19). Among these activities with Ziken, many explosive movements such as jumps, shots, tackles, rotations, starts, change of position, and most importantly, activities where the player is directly involved in playing with the ball and competing for its possession (38) are needed. Due to the nature of football, the large size of the body can perform fast, powerful movements (60). Also, the important variables for measuring performance in football are physical conditions, technical and technical skills (50). Football, having more than 200 members in the International Football Federation [2], is considered one of the most common sports in the world. The large number of spectators and those interested in this sport shows this fact, and this is all because of the special charm and beauty of football, which has been able to be presented as a complete and active sport in the world (45). The excessive presence of spectators in domestic, national, continental and world matches in stadiums and the creation of satellite systems and the enjoyment of several hundred million viewers of television broadcasting have introduced football as the most popular sport in the world (10). Handball [3], which is a dynamic sport and among the violent sports introduced, is played for an hour or even more, and consists of a set of skills and movements such as running-walking-jumping-stopping-going back and forth-throwing and physical encounters in defense and attack. From the review of domestic and foreign researches, it is concluded that there is a strong relationship between the characteristics of body measurements and the general preparations of handball athletes. So, most of them consider the height, body dimensions, strong size, length of the upper body, and the size of the throwing hand to be the main and general factors of the players. In addition to the above general characteristics, the characteristics of the players in each different position of the handball game are different from each other, which should be used as a criterion in the selection of people (5).

Today, in the high levels of sports, talent scouting has a very high position, and elite experts and experts in the field of sports science consider various factors in pushing a person to a specific sport. One of the most important indicators of finding talent is body size and its relationship with the important factors required for a sport. Therefore, the discovery and identification of talent in team sports is more difficult than in individual sports such as athletics, cycling and sailing, because it is easier to determine the predictors of performance in these sports fields and they have been identified by experts in the past (48). Accuracy, balance[4] and speed are called agility[5](13). Agility is one of the most essential factors for athletes and a set of other physical factors such as speed[6], reaction speed, strength[7] and coordination and balance. Therefore, an agile person must have all the above physical factors [8] in an acceptable level. However, it can be said that agility is different in different sports and sports activities and the athlete needs more physical factors in each sports movement (13).