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The relationship between physical activity and BMI and body image in high school female students

Number of pages: 85 File Format: word File Code: 31717
Year: 2014 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Physical Education - Sports
Tags/Keywords: BMI - body image - Body mass index - Muscular endurance - Physical activities - physical activity - teenagers - WHR
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  • Summary of The relationship between physical activity and BMI and body image in high school female students

    Academic Thesis for Master's Degree (M.A)

    Physical Education and Sports Science - Sports Physiology Orientation

    Abstract

    The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between physical activity and BMI and body image in high school female students. For this purpose, 370 female high school students of a district of Rasht in the age range of 14 to 18 years were selected and studied by cluster-random sampling method. Students who were suffering from certain diseases, blood pressure, diabetes and heart diseases etc. were excluded. First, the height and weight of the students were measured and recorded to measure BMI and waist and hip circumference to obtain WHR. Then, in order to measure the level of satisfaction with the body, the MBSRQ questionnaire was used, which had 46 items, and each item (question) was rated to 5 degrees, and a higher score indicated more satisfaction with the body. In order to measure the level of physical activity, Beck's physical activity questionnaire was used, which included 16 five-choice questions that examined the level of activity of people under the heading of three groups of activities (occupational, sports and leisure). In order to analyze the data, Pearson's correlation coefficient method was used, and Spearman's correlation coefficient was used for the variables that did not have a normal distribution. The results of the recent research showed that there was a significant negative relationship between physical activity and BMI and body image (P = 0.01). Also, a significant positive relationship between BMI and WHR was observed (P=0.01). But there was no significant relationship between WHR and physical activity and body image (P>0.05). It can be said that people with more physical activity have lower BMI and more satisfaction with their body image.

    Key words: physical activity, body image, body mass index, adolescents, WHR

    1- Introduction

    In the last few decades, The phenomenon of urbanization following the industrialization of societies and the increase in the migration of villagers to cities has caused a change in living habits and receiving more energy and less mobility. The increasing use of all kinds of machines, such as cars, household appliances, elevators and other work-facilitating tools, has reduced physical activity and caused people to become more sedentary day by day. Machine life has penetrated to such an extent that to communicate with the most distant parts of the world, it is not even necessary to turn the finger on the telephone dial; Because this work is done in much easier ways. Thus, a sedentary life as a risk factor for weight gain, obesity and body image dissatisfaction; Especially in young and adolescent women and girls, the effect of age and gender difference in the occurrence of this disorder has been well proven(4). Dissatisfaction with the body means a negative mental evaluation of the body, which is more common today than in the past. In previous studies, it has been shown that there is a direct relationship between body dissatisfaction and eating disorders, low self-confidence, and the occurrence of depression (28).

    Since adolescence is a stage full of physical and mental transformation and change, it is considered one of the most important periods of life when a person has the most problems related to his body image. Due to the complex psychological effects on the self-concept during this period, the mental image of the body in adolescence is considered to be the fundamental factor in determining how the adolescent interacts with others (26).

    Accordingly, in this chapter, the subject is first described and described, then the importance of the research subject, and finally, the main and secondary goals and the definition of the keywords of the research are mentioned.

    1-2- Statement of the problem

    It is necessary to explain that body image is a psychological structure that is a margin of the concept of self-concept and self-concept; It is an internalized view of oneself that is constantly influenced by social evaluations and is easily changed by interactions with the surrounding environment. The evolution of self-concept and body image depends on influencing factors such as accident, illness or behavioral factors such as: self-confidence and sociability (21 and 33).

    In addition, researchers define body image as a two-dimensional component. The perception dimension is related to the estimation of body size and the other is the attitudinal dimension that refers to the person's feeling and attitude about the body, and deviation in body image is when there is a difference between the actual body size and the perceived size(28).

    Although body image has a multidimensional structure, it is often defined as a degree of satisfaction in relation to physical appearance (size, shape and general appearance). This image is formed from the time of birth and is completed at the same time as the person grows and changes during the stages of the person's life (26).

    Young girls are very sensitive and impressionable with the onset of puberty and physical changes, but with age, this impressionability decreases (63). On the other hand, dissatisfaction with the body image can cause the use of unhealthy food programs, extreme dietary behaviors and the spread of eating disorders (45).

    In this field, studies have shown that an increase in body mass index[1] in teenage girls has consequences such as: a desire to lose weight, a decrease in self-esteem, inadequacy, concern about overeating, weight gain, and dieting. During this period, with anthropometric studies, it is possible to monitor changes in growth and maturity, and to examine the effect of food deficiencies or overeating on the growth process, nutritional status, and adolescent health risks.

    In this connection, it can be said that body mass index is the most common measure used to evaluate thinness, overweight, and obesity, and it is based on dividing weight in kilograms by the square of height in meters. It comes (17).

    Physical activity is a set of activities that are performed by skeletal muscles and the body needs energy to perform them. These activities and movements may be in the form of daily tasks, or regular exercise. Regular physical activity itself is one of the health maintenance factors, and maintaining a suitable level of physical activity reduces cardiovascular diseases, obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes, osteoporosis, and mental disorders (29).   

    Factors such as: muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, cardiovascular endurance and body composition are related to fitness, fitness and health. Through the influence on the mentioned factors, physical activities increase fitness and improve health (17).

    Thus, physical activities are often introduced as a way to reduce body weight. Research shows that teenagers associate fitness with good looks. Therefore, according to the research carried out by "John Koskin" and "Kardellis", during this period, many problems related to weight, body mass and physical activity have been shown, such as: concerns related to the control of weight pathology, stimulation to lose weight (especially in girls), stimulation to become muscular (especially in boys) and committing to exercise (63).

    Various researches indicate a very high and harmful sensitivity of women and girls. It is a body image. In this context, studies have shown that the increase in body mass index in teenage girls has many and sometimes dangerous consequences, and the point here is whether a factor such as physical activity can be effective in solving this problem or not. Adolescents, in addition to physical problems and increasing the possibility of diseases and deaths, are associated with many psychological problems, such as: low self-esteem and depression. This issue; Especially in teenagers who are involved in a series of behavioral changes in the course of biological, social and psychological development, including the desire to gain independence, search for models outside the family, and the need to be approved and accepted. Based on this and according to the psychological and social contexts, a person draws a mental image of his weight and its appropriateness, which in many cases can overshadow the correct perception of his real weight(3).

    The results of research on Brazilian teenagers have shown that boys and girls have a significant difference in terms of body image dissatisfaction, and of course, the level of dissatisfaction was higher in girls.

  • Contents & References of The relationship between physical activity and BMI and body image in high school female students

    List:

    The first chapter. General research. 1-1- Introduction.. 2

    1-2- Statement of the problem.. 3

    1-3- Importance and necessity of research.. 4

    1-4- Research objectives.. 6

    1-4-1- General objectives.. 6

    1-4-2- Partial objectives.. 6

    1-5- Research hypotheses.. 6

    1-6- Presuppositions of research.. 7

    1-7- Limitations of research.. 7

    1-7-1- Limitations that the researcher could not control. 7

    1-7-2- Limitations that were controlled by the researcher. 7

    1-8- Definition of words.. 7

    1-8-1- Physical activity.. 7

    1-8-2- Body image.. 7

    1-8-3- BMI. 8

    1-8-4-WHR. 8

    The second chapter. Browse resources. 9

    2-1- Introduction.. 10

    2-2- Theoretical foundations of research.. 11

    2-2-1- Physical activity.. 11

    2-2-1-1- Physical activity and its types. 12-2-2-1-2- General health. 13-2-2-1-3- Physical activity and physical health. 13

    2-2-1-4- Physical activity and mental health. 14

    2-2-1-5- The effect of physical activity on fats. 14

    2-2-1-6- The effect of physical activity on weight loss. 15

    2-2-1-7- Physical activity and body mass index. 15

    2-2-2- Evaluation of body composition.. 16

    2-2-2-1- Relationship of some anthropometric indicators with health. 16

    2-2-2-2- Body fat distribution (WHR). 17

    2-2-2-3- The relationship between fat percentage and health. 17

    2-2-2-4- Overweight and obesity.. 18

    2-2-3- Body image.. 19

    2-2-3-1- Relationship between weight gain and body image. 19

    2-2-3-2- Dissatisfaction with body shape.. 20

    2-2-3-3- Tendency to lose weight.. 21

    2-2-3-4- Weight gain and dissatisfaction with body image. 21

    2-2-3-5- Dissatisfaction with body image and depression. 22

    2-2-3-6- Body image and its relationship with physical activity. 22

    2-3- The background of the research.. 23

    2-4- Summary of the research.. 29

    The third chapter. Research implementation method. 30

    3-1- Introduction.. 31

    3-2- Research method and design.. 31

    3-3- Statistical population.. 32

    3-4- Statistical sample of the research.. 32

    3-5- Measurement tool and research data collection. 32

    3-5-1- Measuring tools.. 32

    3-5-2- Information collection methods. 33

    3-5-2-1- Height.. 33

    3-5-2-2- Weight.. 33

    3-5-2-3- BMI. 33

    3-5-2-4- WHR.. 34

    3-5-2-5- Body image scale.. 34

    3-5-2-6- Physical activity scale.. 36

    3-6- Data analysis method.. 37

    Chapter four. Data analysis. 38

    4-1- Introduction.. 39

    4-2- Description of the main research variables. 39

    4-3- Division of variables, frequency chart and frequency percentage table. 40

    4-3-1- Physical activity variable.. 40

    4-3-2- Body image variable.. 41

    4-3-3- BMI variable.. 42

    4-3-4- WHR variable.. 44

    4-4- Data distribution normality test (Osmuncolmograph-Smirnov (K-S)). 45

    4-5- Observation distribution diagram of research variables. 45

    4-6- Test of research hypotheses.. 47

    Chapter five. conclusion 55

    5-1- Introduction.. 56

    5-2- Research findings.. 56

    5-3- Discussion.. 57

    5-3-1- Relationship between physical activity and BMI in secondary school girls. 57

    5-3-2- The relationship between physical activity and body image in secondary school girls. 58

    5-3-3- The relationship between BMI and body image in high school girls. 60

    5-3-4- The relationship between physical activity, body image and BMI with WHR in secondary school girls. 61

    5-4- Summary.. 62

    5-5- Suggestions.. 63

    5-5-1- Practical suggestions.. 63

    5-5-2- Research suggestions.. 63

    Persian and Latin sources.. 64

    Appendices.. 71

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    Omidvar, Nasreen; Economic, Shahriar; Qazi Tabatabai, Mahmoud; Minaei, Sara;  Samra, Saeed. (2012). Mental image of the body and its relationship with body mass index and food consumption patternMental body image and its relationship with body mass index and food consumption pattern in adolescents in Tehran, research in medicine (research journal of the Faculty of Medicine), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Medical Services, year 26, number 4, pages 257 to 264, winter.

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