The effect of insomnia on some physical fitness factors of amateur football players in different game positions

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree (M.A)

Abstract of the thesis (including summary, objectives, implementation methods and obtained results):

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of insomnia on some factors of physical fitness of amateur soccer players in different positions of the game. For this purpose, 15 players from each playing position (goalkeeper, central defense, side defense, central player and forward player) were selected among the students of the football team of Khorezmi University. Before and after a 24-hour period of insomnia, the subjects were taken anaerobic test, agility test (9 x 4), two 45-meter sprints, visual reaction time, and Bruce's aerobic test, and the information related to these tests was recorded. The results of data analysis showed that 24 hours of sleep deprivation has a significant effect on the variables of maximum aerobic power, maximum anaerobic power, agility, speed and visual reaction time in midfielders and forwards. This effect was shown in the form of a significant decrease in the values ??of maximum aerobic power and maximum anaerobic power and a significant increase in two-speed time, agility and visual reaction time in these positions. But maximum aerobic power in goalkeepers and reaction time in middle defense and side defense players had no significant difference. The reason for this can be the lack of implementation of these exercises in the training sessions of people, which shows that on the day before insomnia, maximal aerobic exercise for goalkeepers, and reaction exercises for central defense and side defense players improved these factors in these subjects, and insomnia returned this improvement to the initial (weaker) state.

1 Introduction:

Sleep is a physiological behavior that forms a part of every person's daily life and is considered as a suitable process to recover, renew and revive the functioning of the nervous system and physiological systems of the body, and it can also affect the body's biological clock. Sleep is the body's physiological mechanism in recovering lost energy and fatigue caused by brain and body activities during daily life and is an important criterion in maintaining human physical and mental health (Gayo et al., 2007). Insomnia may cause social costs in two ways, direct and indirect, where direct costs include the cost of diagnostic measures, treatment, and doctor's visits, and indirect costs include disabilities related to medical conditions following insomnia, reduced productivity, and traffic accidents caused by insomnia (Lowaiza[1] et al., 2001). About one third of adults experience some kind of sleep disorder during their lifetime, among which insomnia is the most common and well-known sleep disorder. Insomnia is the feeling of insufficient sleep in terms of its quantity or quality, and is usually not related to sleepiness during the day (Sadok[2] et al., 2003). Studies have mentioned the risk of depression in people with sleep deprivation up to four times, and in general, the results of prospective studies indicate that sleep problems may be the first symptom of mental disorders such as depression, anxiety, alcohol abuse, and hyperactivity with reduced concentration (Louiza et al., 2001, Gayo et al., 2007). They have rotating shifts and athletes who travel to different areas with different time hours, and in addition, people who go to high altitudes have reported poor quality sleep with an increase in the number of awakenings (Wilmore and Casteel, 2010).  Available evidence suggests that athletes are concerned about the effects of sleep deprivation on performance (Leger[3] et al., 2005).

It is now accepted that sleep deprivation (SD)[4] can negatively affect human performance. Laboratory research has shown that a number of sensory, perceptual and motor functions can be changed by insomnia or insufficient sleep (Inouye [5] et al., 1989). Total insomnia (TSD) [6] affects attention, psychomotor performance, performance, reaction time [7], short-term memory, agility, visual performance, fatigue, etc. has a negative effect (Horn and Steberg[8], 1976, Horn and Pettit[9], 1958).. A number of working or sports populations may be exposed to insomnia or lack of sleep. This number can include military personnel, workers or athletes who travel to different time zones. In addition, people who travel to high altitudes or use equipment such as tents without sufficient oxygen, have reported better quality sleep and an increase in the number of awakenings (Phillips [10] et al., 1989). The hours they sleep are remembered. This phenomenon may be attributed to the increase in the amount of sleep hormone in the body, although the research on passenger airplane pilots with long-haul flights rejected that theory, but so far no more acceptable explanation for this phenomenon has been provided (Matheo [11], 1977). Whenever there is any disturbance in this process in an athlete, it will cause anxiety for that athlete, and the anxiety caused by this disorder is more problematic than the lack of sleep in the optimal performance of sports skills (Angus[12], 1985, Hatioglio[13], 1997). Although it seems that sleep deprivation causes stressful conditions, but the actual results of the studies obtained do not support such theories (Seeley [14], 1955). It seems that the effect of sleep deprivation on the subjects' mental performance is evident and physiological parameters such as heart rate, maximum oxygen consumption, systolic and diastolic pressure do not change significantly during sleep deprivation and the inability to maintain and maintain mental performance during this period is related to mental fatigue. Therefore, if the athletes are mentally and psychologically prepared and have sufficient motivation, they should not worry about their performance after one or two nights of sleeplessness (Wenholder [15], 1999). But on the one hand, the lack of information and on the other hand, the lack of similarity in the results of the studies, shows the necessity of conducting more research in this field.

2.1 Statement of the research problem and assumptions:

Most athletes, specialists and sports trainers believe that physical rest and sleep for a sufficient period of time are vital for all sports performances and physical activities. But unfortunately, there is not enough evidence to prove this claim. On the other hand, some evidence suggests that athletes are concerned about the effects of sleep deprivation on performance (Leger et al., 2005). However, there is currently insufficient scientific information on the physiological and psychological effects of insomnia. In general, it can be said that the effect of insomnia on factors such as muscle strength, aerobic and anaerobic capacity, and some physiological variables such as heart rate, ventilation, and oxygen consumption) has not been sufficiently determined (Duosmes [16] et al., 1995). Few studies have been done on the relationship between various aspects of sleep and sports performance. One of the reasons for the lack of studies and evidence related to this field can be that applying insomnia to subjects can be ethically problematic.

Studies that have been conducted on the effect of insomnia have shown that sleep deprivation for 30-72 hours does not change the cardio-respiratory responses to aerobic and non-aerobic exercise and performance (Kops [17] et al., 1993; Dovasmes et al., 1995). However, it has been observed that 30 hours of sleep deprivation reduces cardio-respiratory variables in exercise (Azboy [18] et al., 2009). It has been reported that sports performance can be sensitive to insomnia in some people and not in others (Azboy et al., 2009). Very few experimental studies have been conducted on the effect of insomnia on sports performance (Azboy et al., 2009). In fact, several researches that have been conducted on the effect of insomnia on sports performance have reported contradictory findings, and no research has studied the effect of insomnia on amateur football players. soccer players in different positions of the game.