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  3. The effect of training intensity on changes in cytokine pattern (Th1Th2) and leukocyte count in soccer players.

The effect of training intensity on changes in cytokine pattern (Th1Th2) and leukocyte count in soccer players.

Number of pages: 104 File Format: word File Code: 31706
Year: 2014 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Physical Education - Sports
Tags/Keywords: Cytokine pattern - Exercise intensity - football player - Interferon gamma - Interleukin-4 - leukocyte - Th1 - Th2
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  • Summary of The effect of training intensity on changes in cytokine pattern (Th1Th2) and leukocyte count in soccer players.

    Master's thesis in the field of physical education-sports physiology

    Abstract

    The effect of exercise intensity on changes in cytokine pattern (Th1/Th2) and leukocyte count in Soccer players

    The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of training intensity on the changes in cytokine pattern and leukocyte count in university male soccer players. For this purpose, among the male football players of Jahrom University, 11 people were selected voluntarily and purposefully. The average age, height, weight and BMI of the subjects were respectively: 21.90±0.875 years, 170±4 cm, 64.42±6.44 kg and BMI equal to 22.05±1.68 kg per square of height per meter. To carry out the research, the subjects ran for 30 minutes with moderate intensity i.e. with 65% of the maximum heart rate in the first week and with high intensity i.e. with 80% of the maximum heart rate in the second week. Blood samples were taken from the subjects before and immediately after each training session. For the inferential analysis of the data, dependent t-test and analysis of variance with repeated measures, SPSS/12 software was used and the significance level was considered a = 0.05. The results showed that a moderate intensity training session has no significant effect on IFN-? (p=0.60), IL-4 (p=0.14) and IL-4/IFN-? ratio (p=0.22). Also, a high-intensity training session has no significant effect on IL-4 (p=0.57) and IL-4/IFN-? ratio (p=0.38), however, it had a significant effect on the reduction of IFN-? (p=0.01). In general, the results of the current research showed that both moderate and intense activity caused the deviation of the immune response towards Th2, which strengthens the humoral immune response and also allergic reactions.

    Key words: cytokine pattern, leukocyte, interferon gamma, interleukin-4, intense exercise, moderate intensity exercise, football

    Introduction

    Currently and in the current world, sports and physical activity are considered as one of the important elements in human life. The importance and role of sports in improving the health of society and its practical application in various social, economic and health dimensions are not hidden in the eyes of experts and practitioners of cultural organizations.

    Various studies show that in the last 30 years, interest in the practical aspects of sports and physical activities has increased. This increase in interest is perhaps the result of great scientific advances in the past decades, which show that exercise plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of various diseases (Rosa, Lira, Demelo and Santos [1], 2011; Buettner, Masig, Lechterman, Funk and Moren [2], 2007; Volin, Yan, Kelditz and Lee [3], 2009).

    It has been known that the human immune system, like other physiological systems of the body, shows significant changes in response to physical activity (Koch, 2010). Based on the results of various researches, it has been determined that the prevalence of severe diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, arthritis, obesity, and osteoporosis are associated with increased levels of inflammatory cytokines (Tutle, Davis-Gorman, Goldman, Capland, and McDonagh [9], 2004; Moss et al. [10], 2004). Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of exercise intensity on the cytokine pattern and leukocyte count in soccer players. While the mechanisms that transfer the active lifestyle towards health and well-being have shown that the involvement of the immune system in relation to health has received attention in recent years. In addition, the acute and chronic effects of exercise on many aspects of the human immune system have attracted the attention of many researchers, but many health aspects of this remain unknown.

    Immune responses are divided into two general categories, Th1 and Th2. The deviation of the immune response towards Th1 strengthens the cellular immune response and the deviation of the immune response towards Th2 strengthens the humoral immune response as well as allergic reactions (Shahabi et al., 2007). Th2 and Th1 responses are among the important cytokine patterns that show the state of cellular and humoral responses (Abbas, Lichtman and Pillai [11], 2007). Cytokines are small glycoproteins that are produced by different cells in response to different stimuli and mediate and regulate immune cell responses. These molecules perform their functions by binding to specific receptors (Howell et al. [12], 2007).

    It has been determined that the Th1/Th2 ratio is a model evolved from a model for the rational interpretation of T cell activity in different settings, which includes response to infection, autoimmune disease, and immunodeficiency (Libta et al. [13], 2011). Th1/Th2 balance has been used as an indicator of changes in the function of the immune system, which has attracted the attention of researchers in this field in the last decade (Won et al.[14], 2011; Tan et al.[15], 2007; Libetta et al., 2011; Lee et al.[16], 2006).

    Th1 and Th2 cells can be mainly by Factors other than interferon gamma[17] and interleukin[18]4 have different functions, but the main pattern of Th1 and Th2 cells is IFN-? and IL-4 (Gu et al.[19], 2011). are  IL-4 is secreted by Th2 cells, which regulate humoral immune responses through the stimulation of antibodies produced by B cells (Prestot et al.[20], 2011; Dominguezvillar, Becheralan and Hafler [21], 2011; Nita et al.[22], 2002).

    Given that interleukin 4 (IL-4), the characteristic of Th2 cells and IFN-? cytokine is the main cytokine produced by Th1 cells, the production ratio of IL-4 cytokine to IFN-? cytokine (IL-4/IFN-? ratio) by mononuclear cells stimulated with mitogen is considered as a measure of deviation of immune response towards Th2 (Shehabi et al., 2007).

  • Contents & References of The effect of training intensity on changes in cytokine pattern (Th1Th2) and leukocyte count in soccer players.

    List:

    Chapter One: Research Plan

    1-1. Introduction ..2

    1-2. Statement of problem 3

    1-3. The necessity and importance of research 7

    1-4. Research objectives 10

    1-4-1. General objective 10

    1-4-2. Specific objectives 10

    1-5. Research questions 10

    1-6. The scope of research. 11

    1-7. Conceptual and operational definitions of variables 11

    1-7-1. Conceptual definitions 11

    1-7-1-1. Moderate intensity activity 11

    1-7-1-2. Intense activity 11

    1-7-1-3. Interferon gamma 12

    1-7-1-4. Interleukin-4 12

    1-7-1-5. IL-4/IFN-? 12

    1-7-1-6. Leukocyte 12

    1-7-2. Operational Definitions 13

    1-7-2-1. Moderate intensity activity 13

    1-7-2-2. Intense activity 13

    1-7-2-3. Interferon gamma 13

    1-7-2-4. Interleukin-4 13

    1-7-2-5. Leukocyte 13

    Page title

    Chapter Two: Theoretical foundations and research background

    2-1. Basic concepts 15

    2-1-1. Safety system 15

    2-1-2. Components of safety device 19

    2-1-3. Cytokine 19

    2-1-4. Interferon gamma 21

    2-1-5. Interleukin-4 23

    2-1-6. Cytokine pattern 24

    2-1-7. Leukocyte 27 2-2. Previous researches 28

    Chapter three: research method

    3-1. Research method 38

    3-2. Statistical population, sampling method and research sample 38

    3-3. Research variables 38

    3-3-1. Independent variables 38

    3-3-2. Dependent variables 39

    3-4. Measuring tools and devices 39

    3-5. Method of measuring dependent variables 39

    3-5-1. Differential count of blood cells 39

    3-5-2. Measurement of cytokines by ELISA method 40

    3-6. Blood sampling and measurement of parameters 41

    3-7. Research implementation method 41

    3-8. Statistical analysis methods 44

    3-9. Ethical Considerations 44

    Page Title

    Chapter Four: Research Findings

    4-1. Descriptive data analysis 46

    4-2. Examination of research questions 47

    4-2-1. First question 47

    4-2-2. Second question 49

    4-2-3. Third question 50

    4-2-4. Fourth question 52

    Chapter five: discussion and conclusion

    5-1. Summary of research 55

    5-2. Discussion and review 57

    5-3. Conclusion 69

    5-4. Research proposals 70

    5-4-1. Practical suggestions 70

    5-4-2. Research proposals 70

    5-5. Limitations of research 71

    List of sources ..72

    Appendix

    Appendix 1 90

    Appendix 2 91

    Source:

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    Abd El-Kader, S. M., Gari, A. M., & Salah El-Den, A. E. M. (2013). Impact of moderate versus mild aerobic exercise training on inflammatory cytokines in obese type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized clinical trial. African Health Sciences, 13 (4), 857 – 863.

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    Alberti, S., Cevenini, E., Ostan, R., Capri, M., Salvioli, S., Bucci, L., Ginaldi, L., De Martinis, M., Franceschi, C., & Monti, D. (2006). Age-dependent modifications of Type 1 and Type 2 cytokines within virgin and memory CD4+ T cells in humans. Mechanisms of Aging and Development, 127, 560–566.

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    Balducci, S., Zanuso, S., Nicolucci, A., Fernando Fand Cavallo, S., & Cardelli, P. (2009). Anti-inflammatory effect of exercise training in subjects with type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome is dependent on exercise modalities and independent of weight loss. Nutrition, Metabolism & Cardiovascular Diseases, 20, 607-618.

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The effect of training intensity on changes in cytokine pattern (Th1Th2) and leukocyte count in soccer players.
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