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  3. Investigation of balance and some parameters of walking in the elderly with and without movement restriction in the knee

Investigation of balance and some parameters of walking in the elderly with and without movement restriction in the knee

Number of pages: 116 File Format: word File Code: 31703
Year: Not Specified University Degree: Master's degree Category: Physical Education - Sports
Tags/Keywords: ankle movements - Balance - Limitation of knee movement - Movement restriction - the elderly - the elderly - the knee - to walk - Walking parameters
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  • Summary of Investigation of balance and some parameters of walking in the elderly with and without movement restriction in the knee

    Dissertation for obtaining a Master's degree (M. A )

    Inclination: sports biomechanics

    Dissertation abstract (including summary, objectives, implementation methods and results obtained):

    Field of research: naturally with Aging, balance control and walking face decline and decay and lose their efficiency. Therefore, it is necessary to identify and introduce appropriate, safe and low-cost intervention solutions to increase and improve walking parameters in the elderly. In the current research, the condition of the knee, balance and some walking parameters were compared in elderly people with and without knee movement restrictions. Materials and methods: This study was conducted in a semi-experimental way at the Rahmat nursing home in Yasuj city in 2013. The research population in this research was 30 elderly men and women with an average age of 66.17 years, of which 15 people were in the group with restrictions and 15 people were in the group without restrictions.

    Research findings: There was a significant difference between the static balances with eyes open and closed, as well as the dynamic balance between the two groups with movement restrictions in the knee joint and without restrictions. Also, a significant difference was observed between step length, number of steps per minute and step speed in these two groups. But there was no significant difference between these two groups in the step width.

    Discussion: The results of this study mention the limitation in range of motion as an important factor affecting the changes in walking in the elderly. It seems that movement restriction disrupts the balance by disrupting the biomechanics of the body (shifting the center of gravity). Also, knee limitation affects ankle and thigh movements, so it can affect the length and number of steps per minute.

    Keywords: elderly, knee mobility limitation, balance, walking

    Chapter One

    (general research)

     

     

    1.1. Introduction:

    Man is a natural creature in terms of form and social in terms of content (intellectual, emotional and behavioral). These two characteristics cast a shadow on every period of his life, and old age is no exception. Naturally, in old age, changes occur in the human organism, bones lose their strength (osteoporosis), muscles weaken, fats are distributed and accumulated differently in different parts of the body, and socially, attitudes and tendencies have a different structure. These changes are mainly associated with the reduction of a person's ability to adapt to sudden conditions and the inability to restore balance, therefore the health and health needs of the elderly appear differently from the needs of middle-aged people (Pourreza and Khabiri Nemati, 2016). There is no perfect definition of old age. Aging is a natural process and should not be considered a disease. With the passage of time, not only humans but every creature gets old and worn out. Human lifespan is the maximum possible lifespan that a member of the human species can achieve under optimal conditions. With the decrease in premature deaths in this century, we see an increase in people with a normal lifespan [1]. Natural life expectancy is reported to be variable in different countries. For example, in the book Psychology of Aging written by Gil Card, the normal lifespan is suggested to be around 85 years (Gilcart, 2012).

    Unfortunately, old age is associated with illness and disability. Although some physiological changes inevitably occur with age, it seems that by improving the quality of life and examining the physical condition, the effects of aging can be reduced. Therefore, preventive strategies that are adopted even in old age can help to improve the living conditions of the elderly. Currently, more than 5 million of the country's population are elderly.

    Currently, more than 5 million people of the country's population are elderly (Salmand Internet site, 2016), who need to walk to eat breakfast, go to the park, and in general, to do daily tasks without the need of others and aids. Walking, as a basic skill, occupies the largest part of human daily movement activity (Winter, 1991). Parallel to the increase in the proportion of the elderly population, their health problems, especially problems related to functional independence, become more important.

    Balance and walking, which are associated with problems in the old age, are considered as indicators of functional independence in doing the daily tasks of the elderly. Therefore, identifying the factors and consequences of walking problems in old age and effective methods to delay the occurrence of walking problems are among the goals of geriatric care (Shanvi-Cook and Vlakot, 2000). Naturally, with age, balance and walking control decline and lose their efficiency (Galaho and Azman, 2005). Falling or falling [2] is one of the most common and serious problems of old age that is repeated a lot and has many physical (hip fracture, disability, loss of physical ability and death) and psychological (loss of self-confidence and self-esteem and reduced life expectancy) consequences and complications (Akbari Kamrani et al., 2015), which due to its high costs, identify and introduce suitable, safe and low-cost intervention strategies to increase and improve the parameters related to falling in the elderly. It is necessary (Shojaei, 2014).

    According to the fact that imbalance is one of the main factors of falling among the elderly in the research conducted (Cloud, 1999), the phenomenon of balance among this age group has received the attention of researchers. Balance, which is part of the basic needs for performing daily activities, plays an important role in static and dynamic activities.

    Balance is a skill and ability for the central nervous system that is learned by using different body systems, including all muscle sensory systems and different parts of the brain (Jia et al., 2009). In order to maintain balance, the body must be in a stable position and try to keep the center of gravity on the supporting leg. These three systems involved in maintaining balance work in combination and all of them are important in implementing a coordinated and correct posture (Brinner and Perrin, 1998). Therefore, in the present study, it is intended to compare balance and some parameters of walking in elderly people with and without limitation of movement in the knee by examining the knee position.

    Abstract:

    Introduction: Identify appropriate intervention strategies, safe and inexpensive way to increase and improve parameters related to gait in the elderly is essential. Thus, the present study examined the status of the knee and then balance and gait parameters in elderly persons with limitation of motion in the knee were compared with without constraints.

    Methods: This study has done with a semi-experience method with 30 old men and women by the average and standard deviation of 66. 17 years old (n= 15 people of with limitation group, n= 15 people of without limitation of motion in knee group).

    Results: Between static balance with open and closed eyes, as well as a dynamic balance between the two groups, with limitation and without limitation of motion in the knee joint, significant differences were found. Also significant differences shown in the step length, step cadence and step speed in the two groups were significant. But between these two groups there was no significant difference in the width of the step.

     Discussion: The results of this study indicated limited range of motion as an important factor affecting the elderly gait changes.

  • Contents & References of Investigation of balance and some parameters of walking in the elderly with and without movement restriction in the knee

    List:

    The first chapter: General design

    1.1. Introduction. 3

    2.1. State the problem. 4

    3.1. The necessity and importance of research. 6

    4.1. Research hypotheses. 8

    5.1. Research objectives. 8

    1.5.1. general purpose 8

    2.5.1. Specific goals. 8

    6.1. Research limitations. 9

    7.1. Definition of keywords. 9

    The second chapter: Theoretical foundations and research background

    1.2. Movement in humans. 12

    2.2. Kinetics and kinematics. 12

    1.2.2. speed 12

    2.2.2. change of location 13

    3.2. Description and interpretation of body movements. 13

    1.3.2. to walk 13

    2.3.2. Balance level of reliance on walking. 14

    3.3.2. balance 14

    4.3.2. Stable balance. 15

    5.3.2. Dynamic balance. 15

    6.3.2. Neutral balance. 16

    4.2. History of gait analysis. 16

    5.2. History of gait assessment methods. 16

    6.2. Different methods of gait analysis. 17

    7.2. The purpose of gait analysis. 17

    8.2. Description of walking course. 18

    9.2. Definition of time-space parameters in walking. 21

    10.2. Walking kinematics. 22

    1.10.2. Hip joint kinematics during a walking period. 23

    2.10.2. Knee joint kinematics during a walking period. 23

    3.10.2. Ankle joint kinematics during a walking period. 24

    11.2. Walking healthy men and women. 24

    12.2. Aging and its effect on walking pattern. 25

    13.2. Who is the elderly? 26

    1.13.2. Aging population. 26

    2.13.2. The world is getting old. 26

    14.2. Changes related to aging. 27

    1.14.2. Aging and stability in the body. 27

    2.14.2. Body structure and posture. 28

    3.14.2. Loss of tissue elasticity. 30

    4.14.2. body composition 30

    5.14.2. Heart changes. 31

    15.2. Aging in women. 32

    16.2. Sports and the elderly. 32

    1.16.2. Physiological adaptations caused by endurance training. 33

    2.16.2. The effect of exercise on the physical condition of women. 33

    17.2. Walking exercise. 34

    18.2. Range of motion. 34

    1.18.2. Two types of range of motion should be considered: 1-active (active) 2-passive (inactive) 35

    19.2. goniometry 35

    1.19.2. definition 35

    2.19.2. Types of goniometers. 35

    3.19.2. Universal goniometer. 36

    4.19.2. Gravity or fluid goniometer. 36

    5.19.2. Pandoli goniometer. 36

    6.19.2. Electrogoniometer. 36

    7.19.2. Goniometer selection. 37

    8.19.2. Position of the patient. 37

    20.2. Factors affecting joint range of motion. 37

    1.20.2. Soft tissue stiffness. 37

    2.20.2. stickiness 38

    3.20.2. Damage and inflammation around the joint. 38

    4.20.2. Muscle volume. 38

    5.20.2. sex 38

    6.20.2. age 39

    7.20.2. Nervous system. 39

    21.2. Research background. 40

    1.21.2. Research conducted within the country. 40

    2.21.2. Research conducted abroad. 42

    The third chapter: Research methodology

    1.3. Introduction. 50

    2.3. Research method and design. 50

    3.3. Statistical population. 50

    4.3. Statistical sample. 50

    5.3. How to select samples. 50

    6.3. Research variables. 50

    7.3. Data collection tool. 51

    8.3. Data collection method and work steps. 51

    9.3. The method of statistical analysis and the type of tests used 54

    Chapter four: Statistical analysis

    1.4. Introduction. 56

    2.4. Descriptive analysis of research findings. 56

    1.2.4. Information and descriptive characteristics of subjects. 56

    2.2.4. Balance findings. 57

    3.2.4. Findings related to walking parameters. 57

    3.4. Inferential analysis of research findings. 57

    4.4. Summary. 61

     

     

    The fifth chapter: Discussion and conclusion

    1.5. Introduction. 63

    2.5. Research summary and results. 63

    3.5. Discussion and conclusion. 64

    1.3.5. Balance with limited knee range of motion in the elderly. 64

    2.3.5. Step length, number of steps per minute and step speed in elderly people with limited knee mobility.65

    1.2.3.5. Changes in speed during a walking cycle in movement limitation 65

    2.2.3.5. Changes in the length and number of steps per minute during a gait cycle with movement restriction. 66

    4.5. conclusion 67

    5.5. Suggestions arising from research. 68

    6.5. Suggestions for future research. 68

     

    Appendixes. 69

     

    Resources. 72

     

     

    English abstract

     

    Source:

    Motion therapy training. Daneshmandi, Hassan; Shamsi Majlan, Ali; Mubarakabadi, Leila. First edition. Tehran is breezy. 1389.

    Ehsan Ghasemi. A comparative study of the effect of a therapeutic exercise program on improving balance and walking in people with right and left hemiplegia. (1386). The 18th Iran Physiotherapy Congress. Tehran.

    Ahmed, Khodadad; General principles of physical fitness (1368). Physical education organization.

    Aslankhani, Mohammad Ali; Farsi, Alireza; Sahabhiha, Mohammad. 2013. The effect of a training course in water on the balance and walking characteristics of inactive healthy elderly men. Research in Rehabilitation Sciences, year 8, number 2, Khordad and Tirr 91: pp. 279-289.

    Akbari Kamrani, Ahmed Ali; Azadi, Farhad; Foroughan, Mahshid; Siadat, Saeed; Kaldi, Alireza. Characteristics of falls in elderly people living in nursing homes. Senior scientific-research quarterly. Organ of University of Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences 1385, number 2: pp. 101-105.

    Amir Nasser Ebrahimi, introductory biomechanics. (1384). Tehran: Amir Kabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Publishing Center.

    Baghban, Masoumeh. 2017. The effect of endurance training on some kinematic parameters of inactive elderly walking. Master's thesis in physical education and sports sciences. Northern University.

    Patresha A. Braille Translated by Nazila Rostami. 2014. Physical fitness for the elderly. Criterion of science. Pourreza, Abulqasem; Khabeiri Nemati, Ruqiya. 2015. Health economics and the elderly. the elderly Winter 2015; 1(2): pp.80-87.

    Pollack Wilmore. Physiology of clinical exercise (especially for students of sports sciences and medicine). Translated by Farzaneh Nazim, Zia Fallah Mohammadi. (1379). Hamedan: Boali Sina University.

    Janet Kaw, Roberta Shepherd. Rehabilitation of balance and walking after stroke. Translated by Iraj Abdullahi. (1385). Tehran: University of Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences.

    George McGlain. Dynamic physical fitness in practical ways. Translated by Fatima Pasand. (1382). (by order of the Research Institute of Physical Education and Sports Sciences of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology). Tehran: Chekameh.

    Office of Family and Population Health, Ministry of Health and Medical Education. National survey of the health of the elderly, 2017.

    David Nieman. physical fitness Translated by Ebrahimi and Talebpour. (1383). Mashhad: To publish, p. 13.

    Robert V. Hockey, professor of the Department of Physical Education, San Antonio, Texas. Physical fitness (a step for health): translated by Behrouz Jaleh Dost Sani. (1372). Publisher: General Directorate of Physical Education and Healthy Recreation, first edition.

    Tebian website, delay in aging complications.

    Semand website, a collection of articles about aging. Monday, July 25, 2016.

    Courage, motor growth. Second edition. Tehran. Imam Hossein (AS) University. 1384. pp. 147-154

    Shahrbanu Maqsood Nia, primary health care in the elderly in Iran. In collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO). (1385). Tehran: University of Welfare and Empowerment Sciences.

    Sadeghi, Haider; Hemtinejad, Mehr Ali; Gardener, Masoumeh. 2018. The effect of endurance training on some kinematic parameters of inactive elderly walking. Iranian Journal of Geriatrics, 4th year, 11th issue, Spring 2018: 62-70.

    Sadeghi, Haider. 2012. Balance control and forward movement during walking of healthy and normal young and old people. Iran Doc. No. 84294.

    Sadeghi, Haider; Nowrozi, Hamidreza; Karimi Asl, Akram; Mantazer, Mohammadreza. 2018. The effect of six weeks of functional training program on static and dynamic balance of healthy elderly men. Iran Elderly Journal, 3rd year, 8th issue, summer 2018: pp. 565-571.

    Faqihi, Abolfazl. 1373. Gait analysis (normal and abnormal). Iran University of Medical Sciences and Medical Services. pp. 18-53.

    Alexander. P. Span. The course of aging in humans (a simple scientific approach to the changes, functional defects and adaptation of the human body (Biplogy of human): translated by Amir Nizamuddin Ghafari in collaboration with Fariborz Hashemi. (1379). Tehran: University of Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences.

    Gil Kart. Translated by Kayhan Mohammad Khani. 1382.

Investigation of balance and some parameters of walking in the elderly with and without movement restriction in the knee
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