Investigating the demographic characteristics, tendencies, prejudices and obstacles of people to participate in citizenship sports (Kermanshah case study)

Dissertation

To obtain a Master's degree

Physical Education and Sports Science - Sports Management

Abstract:

This research aims to examine the characteristics of Demographics, tendency, motivations and obstacles of the people of Kermanshah to participate in citizenship sports and their favorite sports fields were investigated. For this purpose, a descriptive-survey research method was used and the necessary information was collected through a researcher-made questionnaire, the validity of which was confirmed by several experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha method (alpha = .95). The statistical population of this research is all the citizens of Kermanshah city. In the present research, multi-stage stratified random sampling method was used, we divided Kermanshah city into 6 regions, and then distributed 75 and a total of 450 questionnaires among people aged 16 to 60 years in each region, and in the end, the data of 420 questionnaires were used for analysis. The questionnaire consists of 52 ranked questions in the field of investigating the demographic characteristics and people's tendency towards sports and the obstacles to their participation in sports and their motivations for participating in citizenship and public sports. In this research, two types of descriptive and inferential statistics have been used for data analysis using SPSS and LISREL software. At the descriptive level, graphs and data analysis were done using statistical characteristics such as frequency, percentage, and at the inferential level, Cronbach's alpha was used to check the reliability of the questionnaire, the structural equation model method was used to reject or confirm the research hypotheses, and confirmatory factor analysis was used to check the explanation of the variables by each of the related questions in the questionnaire. The results showed that there is a significant difference between people's gender, age, marital status, educational level, level of literacy and family income, family expenses, and monthly sports expenses with their participation in sports activities, and the most important motivation of people to exercise is to maintain health, and about 25% of people considered too much busyness and not having enough time as the main obstacle to doing and continuing exercise on a continuous basis, and 84 people also had high daily expenses and major financial problems, and 62 people also had unavailability and lack of time. Some considered sports equipment as major obstacles for doing sports activities. Football is also the most popular sport for reasons such as full media coverage and high excitement, followed by walking, bodybuilding, climbing, and morning exercise. Keywords: public sports, motivations, obstacles, sports disciplines. In general, exercise has been very important throughout life and it makes people have a suitable place to spend their free time and has a great impact on their physical and mental health (Madan Ken, 69). More than 2000 years ago, Hippocrates, a Greek physician, declared that physical activities are necessary for health, and that the organs of the human body, if they have moderate and continuous physical exercises, maintain their health and become stronger, their life speed decreases and their lives become longer. Aging is accelerated in humans (Qara, 2013). The type of life in the present century is a machine, while today's technological advances have brought prosperity and comfort to mankind, but by reducing movement and physical activities, new ways have ruled the lives of humans, and the harmful effects of poverty and reduced movement have become the basis for the emergence of many physical and psychological problems and discomforts. Undoubtedly, today sports and physical education has become a global phenomenon and in the early years of the 20th century it was considered as an art and of course in the direction of creating a healthy society (Deborah, West, Charles and Butcher, 2015). Today, physical education and sports are considered as an undeniable necessity and a fundamental basic need for all countries and societies, and they have been noticed by everyone significantly and increasingly.Among the positive effects of this phenomenon, we can mention the provision of physical and mental health, reduction of medical expenses, and increase in the production and productivity of citizens. The category of sports and physical training can be used as a means of recreation and leisure and an effective tool to prevent all kinds of social deviations, especially smoking and drug addiction. In addition, in the contemporary world, which has been nicknamed the age of satellites, the phenomenon of sports can be used as a healthy and relatively cheap tool to deal with all kinds of cultural invasions (quoted by Hamayatalab 2018). Dedicating a short period of daily life to sports activities, especially in the context of public sports, in addition to its effect in providing individual health and vitality and promoting social health, will also be effective in preventing the spread of some social harms. Therefore, the development of public sports is considered as a strategy for promoting citizenship culture and strengthening social capital and people's participation in urban life affairs (Ayazi, 2010). Sports, this organized phenomenon of the late 19th century and early 20th century, during this period, has assumed social, economic, cultural and political dimensions and can be examined from various aspects. One of its most important aspects is its universality, or in other words, universal sport. Universal sports was established with the aim of increasing the participation of all social groups and providing sports pluralism, strengthening championship sports, competitive sports, healthy recreation and recreational sports. Today, sports, especially public sports, is considered one of the sub-indicators of human development in societies, since it increases the life expectancy through the improvement of the health of the people in the society. Also, due to the increase in health and vitality in the society, it causes the reduction of medical and health costs and increases the productivity of the society's labor force, and in this way helps the comprehensive development of that society. Despite the simplicity of the movements, public sports can play an important role in the health of citizens. On the other hand, this type of sport is free and does not require much capital from citizens. For this reason, it is important to check the tendency of citizens so that proper planning can be done in this field (Moin Al-Dini 2011). Physical education and sports science is one of the fields of human education (Javadipour and Saminia, 2013) and public sports is considered one of its branches, which has a special place in ensuring the health and health of the body and mind of humans (Razavi, 2014). Most psychologists believe that there is not only one cause or motivation that causes behavior, but various factors cause people's inclination or lack of inclination to exercise (Shafi'i, 2013). It is multi-dimensional, so the tendency towards subjects should be evaluated from different angles so that by dividing the composite score into smaller scores, the contribution of each dimension or part of the tendency can be measured and its validity calculated. Knowing the characteristics and position of people and being aware of people's tendencies towards movement and sports activities plays an important role in educational, educational and health decisions, and it can help those involved in sports and in providing facilities suitable to the inclinations, abilities, and physical and psychological needs of people in order to create the necessary grounds for the development and expansion of movement and sports activities and realistic and fundamental planning.

   1-2 Statement of the problem:

The type of life in the current century is a machine. The advancement of technology and its influence in the field of human life has made mankind move towards poverty (Motamedin, 2013). Since movement is the life and dynamism of human beings, and the lack of movement or lack of movement at any age is associated with side effects such as obesity, muscle weakness, diseases of the circulatory system, breathing and mental disorders, so it can be said that movement is an inseparable part of human life (Motamidin et al., 2008). The decrease in mobility and physical activity in everyday life, which is caused by the development and expansion of amenities and modern ways of life, requires more than ever the need to engage in sports and physical training, and continuous and regular physical movements in this direction seem necessary and vital (Kashef, 2019). The main means of public education in modern society in advanced countries is sports (Shaabani et al., 2019). Today, physical education and sports are considered as an undeniable necessity and a fundamental basic need for all countries and societies, and it has been increasingly and dramatically noticed by everyone.