Comparison of the effect of aerobic and yoga exercises on physical fitness and some physiological factors of non-athletes

Number of pages: 138 File Format: word File Code: 31687
Year: 2010 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Physical Education - Sports
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    Master's thesis in the field of physical education and sports sciences, sports physiology orientation

    Abstract

    The purpose of this research was to compare the effect of yoga and aerobic exercises on some physiological factors and physical fitness of non-athletes. 30 non-athletic women of Meibod city (age: 26.53 ± 4.98 years, height: 159.67 ± 5.35 cm, weight: 72.66 ± 14.94 kg, body mass index: 28.52 ± 5.82 (2.52 (m)/kg)) voluntarily participated in this research and were randomly divided into three groups based on body mass index Aerobics, yoga and control were divided. Each group consisted of 10 people. The subjects in the experimental groups participated in a specific yoga and aerobic training program for 8 weeks, 3 days a week and one hour each session. Before and after the training period, body composition (body weight, fat percentage, body fat mass, body fat-free mass and waist-to-hip ratio), aerobic capacity, blood pressure, heart rate, pulmonary indices, anaerobic capacity of leg muscles, flexibility and hand strength were measured. Descriptive and inferential statistics (covariance test and Sheffe's post hoc test) were used to analyze the data. The results of the research showed that fat percentage, fat weight, waist-to-hip ratio, diastolic blood pressure, and resting heart rate in the yoga and aerobic groups significantly decreased compared to the control group (P<0.05). Aerobic capacity and hand strength increased significantly in the yoga and aerobic group compared to the control group (P<0.05). Forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in one second, maximum voluntary ventilation, anaerobic capacity and flexibility (sit, brush and stand) in the yoga group showed a significant increase compared to the control group (P<0.05). Body weight and systolic blood pressure significantly decreased in the aerobic group compared to the control group (P<0.05). In general, the results of this research showed that there is no significant difference between yoga and aerobics in any of the above factors (P>0.05). As a result, the results of this research indicate that both yoga and aerobic exercise methods can be used to improve general and cardiovascular health.

    Key words: Yoga, aerobics, physiological factors, fat percentage, non-athletic women

    Introduction

    Today, paying attention to the quality of life and trying to improve the level of health and prevention of various diseases is one of the national priorities, and not only the scientific, specialized and medical associations, but also the general public are increasingly aware of the profound effects of lifestyle on the level of physical and mental health and quality of life. The importance of physical activity as a complementary part of a healthy life has expanded. In addition, scientific evidence for the health benefits of exercise is increasing (1). Exercise is effective in preventing motion sickness. Motion sickness is caused by low physical activity. Patients with poor mobility suffer from reduced flexibility, degeneration of the heart and blood vessels, muscle and bone weakness, bowel and bladder dysfunction. Lack of physical activity is a dangerous factor in preparing for heart disease and heart attack. In addition, blood pressure and obesity are important and dangerous factors related to heart diseases, which can be controlled with regular physical exercises (2).

    Knowing the relationship between soul, body and mind has led to the increasing desire to do traditional health exercises such as yoga. The word yoga [1] itself refers to the wise and wise mind, and it means unity and oneness (3). Hatha Yoga consists of two words. (ha) means the sun and (ta) means the moon, which respectively represent the soul and thought of a person. In fact, these two refer to the positive and negative energy of the human body, which are balanced in yoga (4). Most of the yoga styles are based on the path of the Eightfold Path, including physical movements, breathing exercises, steps affecting concentration, meditation, and ethical behaviors, which work to strengthen concentration and calm the mind. If yoga exercise is done correctly, it can have significant effects on the structural, physiological, emotional-psychological and spiritual levels (5). Good breathing has a great impact on the quality of human life. In fact, it is not only a guarantor of physical health, but it also strengthens emotional and emotional states and brings spiritual and mental balance as well (6). According to Song[2], mental and physical pressures are the basis of the result of faster breathing, faster heart rate and contraction of blood vessels.According to Song[2], mental and physical pressures are the basis of the result of faster breathing, faster heart rate and contraction of blood vessels, which cause the heart to work harder and blood pressure to rise. In yoga exercises, blood flow is stimulated and high blood pressure is reduced due to regular communication with conscious physical exercises (7). Yoga methods can be suitable for the needs of people with any physical condition and any age from 5 years and above. Even if some people cannot do some necessary physical activities, they will still be able to benefit from its breathing and thinking techniques (8). The principles of yoga provide mental peace, balance and harmony of the human psyche and promise a significant improvement in physical and mental well-being (9). Obesity is a widespread health problem, and approximately 20% of adults are overweight to some degree. Obesity and overweight play an important role in digestive diseases and health issues or shortening life time (10). Yoga is considered the best known method in creating a suitable posture for weight control. In this exercise, attention has been paid to blood circulation, breathing and the thyroid gland, which plays an essential role in weight control. In addition to relaxing the muscles and nervous system, yoga stretching and breathing exercises directly affect food digestion and help balance weight. Despite the advice of doctors to use protein in weight loss, yoga emphasizes mental relaxation (11). Factors such as endurance and muscle strength are important for health. These factors are useful in maintaining the posture and improving the person's appearance; Because muscle strength is a strong protector for joints and reduces joint injuries. Millions of people suffer from back pain, and the weakness of the abdominal muscles and lack of flexibility are effective in this condition. Strengthening muscles and developing flexibility helps to improve back pain (3). A decrease in flexibility even causes a disturbance in maintaining the upright posture, followed by the appearance of pain, which ultimately leads to limited range of motion or chronic joint pain. Also, increasing strength helps to improve and maintain muscles and basic metabolic rate, reduce the risk of injuries, prevent osteoporosis, reduce back pain, relieve arthritis pain, improve mental health and possibly reduce and control blood pressure, improve cholesterol levels and especially control blood sugar (1). Many researches have shown that yoga increases muscle strength and flexibility (12, 13, 14, 15). Also, today, various European and American experts have realized that yoga soothes the nerves for scientific reasons, because most of the body's organs are controlled by nerves, which originate in the spine. Also, most joint pains are produced by some dark vertebrae in the back; Or the movement of vertebrae causes pressure on the nervous system (16).

    Another sport that has recently gained a lot of fans in our country, especially among women, is aerobics. Aerobic exercise [3] or rhythmic movements is used as one of the training methods to gain physical fitness. This training method has become a fun, exciting and popular sport today and spent its initial years in the 1960s and was considered one of the most popular sports in the world in 1980 (17). In addition to creating cardio-respiratory adaptations, these exercises increase the efficiency of the respiratory system. In addition to reducing muscle tension (muscle tension may cause pain), continuous aerobic exercise with moderate to high intensity is associated with a decrease in anxiety, blood pressure, and heart rate (18). Considerable evidence shows that participating in aerobic exercise has important physiological and psychological benefits (19). Also, aerobic exercise will increase the level of beta endorphin, which improves depression and mental problems (20).

    Abstract

    The present study examined the effect of yoga and aerobic training on physiological characteristics and physical fitness of untrained women. Thirty untrained women (Mean ± SD; age: 26.53 ± 4.98 yr, height: 1.60 ± 0.53 m, weight: 72.66 ± 14.94 kg, BMI: 28.52 ± 5.82 kg/m2) from Meybod volunteered to participate in this study. Subjects were divided randomly on the basis of BMI in three groups: yoga (n= 10), aerobic (n= 10), control (n= 10). Experimental groups (yoga, aerobic) participated in their special exercise program during 8 weeks.

  • Contents & References of Comparison of the effect of aerobic and yoga exercises on physical fitness and some physiological factors of non-athletes

    List:

     

    Chapter One: Research Plan

    1-1- Introduction..1

    1-2- Description and statement of the problem..4

    1-3- Importance and necessity of research..6

    1-4- Research objectives..8

    1-4-1- Main goal..8

    1-4-2- Partial objectives of the research..8

    1-5- Presuppositions of the research..9

    1-6 - Research hypotheses..9

    1-7 - Limitations of the research..10

    1-7-1 - Limitations that were not controlled by the researcher. 10

    1-7-2- Limitations that were controlled by the researcher. 10

    1-8- Conceptual and operational definitions of research words.10

    1-8-1- Conceptual definitions..10

    1-8-2- Operational definitions..12

    Chapter two: Literature and research background

    2-1- Introduction..14

    2-2- Yoga..14

    2-2-1- History Yoga..15

    2-2-2- Yoga philosophy..16

    2-2-3- Benefits of yoga..16

    Title                                                                                                                                               Page

    2-2-4- Types of yoga..

    2-2-5- Steps. Eightfold yoga..19

    2-2-6- Yoga exercises..20

    2-2-6-1-Asana..21

    2-2-6-1-1- The difference between physical exercises of yoga (asana) and other physical exercises.22

    2-2-6-1-2- Characteristics of a good asana. 23

    2-2-6-2- Principle of relaxation or Shavasana.23

    2-2-6-2-1- Application of Shavasana..24

    2-2-6-3- Pranayama..24

    2-2-6-3-1- Application of Pranayama..25

    2-3- Aerobic (aerobic)..26

    2-3-1- Characteristics of aerobic training.27

    2-3-2- The effect of endurance training on fat oxidation.28

    2-3-3- The effect of endurance training on maximum oxygen consumption.30

    2-3-4- The effect of endurance training on blood pressure.31

    2-3-5- The effect Endurance training on heart rate. 33

    2-3-6- Respiratory adaptations to endurance training. 34

    2-3-7- The effect of endurance training on creatine phosphate reserves. 36

    2-3-8- The effect of endurance training on the cross-sectional area of ??muscle fibers. Effects on body composition. 39

    2-4-2- Body composition assessment methods. 41

    2-4-3- Weight loss.

    2-4-3-1-1- Losing weight through diet. 42

    2-4-3-1-2- Losing weight with sports activity along with modifying the eating pattern. 42

    2-4-3-1-3- Losing weight through increasing physical activity. 43

    2-4-4- The mechanism of appetite reduction due to exercise. 43

    2-5- Heart endurance- vascular...44

    2-5-1- Maximum oxygen consumption.45

    2-5-2- Factors affecting maximum oxygen consumption.46

    2-6- Blood pressure..48

    2-6-1- Factors affecting blood pressure.48

    2-6-2- Hypertension..49

    2-7- Factors affecting heart rate Heart. 51

    2-7-1- Mechanisms controlling the heart. 52

    2-7-1-1- Nervous mechanisms.. 52

    2-7-1-2- Mechanisms controlling hormones. 53

    2-7-1-3- Environmental inputs. 53

    2-8- Breathing..54

    2-8-1-Pressure vital capacity..54

    2-8-2- Volume of exhaled air with pressure in one second.

    2-8-3- Maximum voluntary ventilation..55

    2-8-4- Lung volume changes..56

    2-9- Anaerobic power..56

    2-9-1- Factors Effective on anaerobic power. 56

    2-10-Flexibility..58

    2-10-1- Flexibility development methods.

    2-10-3- Factors affecting flexibility.59

    2-11- Muscle strength..61

    2-11-1- Factors affecting muscle strength.61

    2-12- Research background..63

    Chapter three: Research method

    3-1- Introduction..69

    3-2- The type of research.. 3-3- Statistical population and statistical sample. 69 3-4- The stages of conducting the research.70

    3-5- Research variables. 70

    3-5-1- Independent variable. 70

    3-5- 2- Dependent variables. 70

    3-6- Measurement and data collection tool. 71

    3-6-1- Method of measuring the investigated variables. 71

    3-6-1-1- Height.71

    3-6-1-2- Weight.71

    3-6-1-3- Skinfold thickness 4 positions of the triceps, suprapubic, abdomen, thigh. 71

    3-6-1-3-1- Skinfold thickness of the back of the arm. 72

    3-6-1-3-2- Skinfold thickness of the suprapubic area. 72

    3-6-1-3-3-The thickness of the skin fold in the abdominal area. 72

    3-6-1-3-4- The thickness of the skin fold in the front of the thigh.

    3-6-1-4- The ratio of the waist to the pelvis. 72

    Title of the page.

    3-6-1-5- Aerobic power.73

    3-6-1-6- Heart rate.73

    3-6-1-7- Blood pressure.74

    3-6-1-8- Pulmonary indices.74

    3-6-1-9- Anaerobic power of leg muscles.74

    3-6-1-10- Flexibility. 75

    3-6-1-10-1- Flexibility to sit and brush. 75

    3-6-1-10-2- Flexibility to stand. 75

    3-6-1-11- Hand strength. 76

    3-7- How to perform exercises. 76

    3-7-1- Aerobic group. 76

    3-7-2- Yoga group.77

    3-8- Statistical methods.78

    Chapter four: Research findings

    4-1- Introduction.79

    4-2- Descriptive research findings.79

    4-3- Test of research hypotheses.81

    Chapter five: Discussion and conclusion Conclusion 5-1- Introduction. 97 5-2- Research Summary 97 5-3 Research Findings 98 5-4 Discussion 99 Title Title Page 5-4-1 Composition Factors 99

    5-4-2- Anaerobic power and aerobic power. 101

    5-4-3- Systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure. 103

    5-4-4- Heart rate. 104

    5-4-5- Pulmonary indicators. 106

    5-4-6- Flexibility. 107

    5-4-7- Hand strength.109

    5-5- Conclusion.110

    5-6- Research suggestions.110

    5-6- Practical suggestions.110

    Appendix 1. Consent. 111

    Appendix 2. Individual characteristics of the samples. 112. Sources and reference. 113. Source: 1- Mehrabani, C.; Rahmaninia, F. (1387). Physical activity, physical fitness and well-being, Tehran, Motbakaran publications. 2- Hospian, V. (1379). The effect of yoga exercises on cardio-respiratory performance of young women, to guide; Asghar Khaledan, Islamic Azad University, Khorasgan branch.

    3- Barnes, PM; Griner, PE; McFann, K; Nahin, RL. (2004). Complementary and alternative medicine use among adults: United States. Adv Data; 343:1-19.

    4- Nazari Nogani, M. (1380). The basics of yoga. Translated by Marafet, N., Tehran, Abundant Publishing.

    5- Herrick, C., & Ainsworth, A. (2003). Invest in yourself: Yoga as a self-care strategy. Nurs-Forum, 35(2): 32-36.

    6- Farid Berger, Zh. (1382). Yoga in working environments, translation, Esfandiarpour, S., first edition, Isfahan, Sara Esfandiar Publications

    7- Sung, B; Roussanov, 0; Nagubandi, L. (2000). Effectiveness of various relaxation techniques in lowering blood pressure associated with stress. Health - Millard Filmore, Buffalo, Ny, USA.

    8- Anonymous. (2001). Discovering Yoga, Nurs. Horsham. 31(2):20.

    9- Stanway, A. (2004). Cure encyclopedia: 32 uncommon therapeutic methods. Pahlavan P. (translator). 1st ed. Tehran: Yahoo, 528. (Persian).

    10- Pollak; Wilmore. (1379). Clinical sports physiology, translated by Nazim, F; Fallah Mohammadi, Z., first edition, Hamedan, Boali Sina University Press. 11- Hittelman, Richard. (1387). Teaching yoga in 28 days, translated by Mehrdad Parsa, 20th edition, Tehran, Ardibehesht Publications. 12- Dash, M; Telles, S. (2001). Improvement in hand grip strength in normal volunteers and rheumatoid arthritis patients following yoga training. Indian journal of physiology pharmacology, 45(3): 60-335.

    13- Madanmohan, J.L; Udupa, K;  and Bhavanani, A.B. (2003)

Comparison of the effect of aerobic and yoga exercises on physical fitness and some physiological factors of non-athletes