Causal relationship between self-efficacy, psychological risk-taking and performance of swimmers

Number of pages: 102 File Format: word File Code: 31680
Year: 2014 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Physical Education - Sports
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  • Summary of Causal relationship between self-efficacy, psychological risk-taking and performance of swimmers

    Dissertation for M.A

    Field: Physical Education and Sports Science

    Inclination: Sports Management

    Abstract

    The purpose of this research is to examine the causal relationship between self-efficacy, psychological risk taking, and performance is swimmers The method of this research is causal-correlation and the field method was used by means of a questionnaire to collect data. The statistical population of this research includes all adult female swimmers (200 people) participating in national competitions in 2013. The statistical sample includes 200 adult athletes and female swimmers present in the national competitions of 2013, who were selected as a whole. The tool of this article was Eysenck's personality questionnaire including 40 questions that psychologically examined athletes with 4 subscales (risky behavior, aggression, excitement and anxiety). Its validity was also confirmed by physical education professors and swimming coaches. Its reliability was determined as 0.852. In this research, firstly, descriptive statistics are used to summarize and classify the information using the mean and standard deviation. Then structural equation test will be used to test the model. The findings showed that there is a significant relationship between self-efficacy and psychological vulnerability. All dimensions of self-utility and all dimensions of psychological vulnerability had a significant role in the model. As a result, it can be said that the feeling of self-utility and risk-taking are significant estimators for performance in the participants.

    Key words: self-utility, risk-taking, performance

    Chapter One

    General research

    Introduction

    Since a person's ability to organize his activities and behaviors has a positive effect (Bandura, 1995), people with high self-efficacy have a greater commitment to participation and adherence in sports activities (Dale and Henderson [1], 2005). The term self-efficacy, which is based on the cognitive theory of Albert Bandura [2] (1977), refers to a person's belief about how well they can succeed in change. In the cognitive-social system, self-efficacy is a concept that refers to a person's feeling of competence and sufficiency in performing actions that he sees in himself.

    In the last few decades, sports psychology has become an important part of sports coaching, especially that coaches, as knowledgeable and experienced people, are with the athletes before the competition and during training and training, and try to measure self-efficacy and communicate to the level of self-confidence. These factors should be measured by the success and failure of athletes (Tajari, 2018).

    Nowadays, sports have become a part of life and for some people it is their whole life. Give a ball to one or more children. They start throwing, kicking, team building and racing and want nothing more. In the world of adults, buildings, devices, equipment and facilities are very costly and expensive for sports applications. People spend hours on sports or sports that they are involved in or watch others do. Finally, sport is a behavior and therefore has a psychological dimension. Psychological skills are the main and proven components of continuous performance at high levels of competition. This issue was also stated by Mahoney, Gabriel and Perkeniz[3] (1987) that high-level competitive athletes have more self-confidence and the ability to focus more before the competition and less anxiety and more commitment and commitment in the field of excellence in sports compared to low-level athletes.

    1.1. Statement of the problem

    One ??of the applications of psychology in sports is to help improve performance, learn and execute skills more correctly and easily, which is done by using different methods and techniques, including mental training, a sense of self-confidence and self-utility (Hardy. Lu [4], 2014). Bandura's self-utility theory states that when the necessary skills and sufficient stimuli (motivation) are available, self-utility predicts natural performance (Ramazani Khalilabadi, 2012).In other words, self-efficacy theory is actually interpreted as the judgment of people about their capacity and ability in action and is the result of a complex process of personal beliefs that rely on various sources of information, ability such as past experiences, beliefs, verbal encouragement and encouragement, and psychological conditions and arousal (Deborah Feltz[5], 1990). (Sadeghi, 1381). It is often psychological deficits that prevent elite athletes from performing optimally in training and competition rather than physical errors and deficiencies (Hacker [6], 2000). According to Leon[7] (2002), the most important factor affecting the success or failure of elite athletes is their psychological characteristics (Lenos[8], 2002).

    Self-efficacy is not an understanding skill, it is what I believe I can do skillfully under certain conditions, and it actually means that I will probably do what I say. People who have little sense of doing a task are in contrast to those who believe that they should participate enthusiastically in doing a task, especially when faced with obstacles. Weinberg [9] (1981) suggests that the degree of self-efficacy of a person affects performance directly or indirectly through mental and emotional. So that the higher the level of a person's self-utility, the better his sports performance will be (Odura Casey [10], 1995).

    In addition to self-utility, the level of risk-taking and risk factors (stress, excitement, increased motivation) affect people's sports performance (Yuzko, Buckman White [11], 2008). According to Zuckerman [12] (1994), risk as a part of a goal depends on the individual's assessment of this situation, since many risky behaviors cause harm or harm, it depends on the motivations and consequences of risk-taking behavior and the correct interpretation of risk.

    Risk-taking depends on the nature of the individual and the type of relationships with others, sometimes risk-taking can have positive benefits for individuals and their communities (Hacker, 2005). It is said that risk-taking is one of the characteristics of successful athletes (Schobel and Galvan [13], 2006).  Sometimes risk-taking occurs due to raising the level of arousal, artistic creativity, intensification of emotions and adventure, in fact, people take risks to achieve a desired result (Galvan, 2007). Some people are basically risk-takers and do risky activities, it is said that people's age determines their level of risk-taking, the older people get, the more they desire security and the more risk-averse they become (John, 2006 and Allison[14], 2004).

    Abstract

    The aim of this study is to investigate the causal relationship between perceived self-efficacy, and psychological risks of implementing cuts. The research method cause - correlation and the field study by questionnaire was used for data collection. The research population consists of adult female swimmers (200) who were present at the state tournament in 1393. The sample consists of 200 adult female swimmers athletes at the 1393 National Championships, all of which have been selected. The tool used in this article is Eysenck Personality Inventory which consists of 40 questions that investigates athletes mentally with 4 subscales (risky behavior, aggression, excitement seeking and anxiety). Its validity was confirmed by the faculty of physical education and swimming instructors. 0.852 reliability was determined. In this research firstly descriptive statics of mean and standard derivation are used to summarize and classify the data. The test will be used to test the structural equation. Results showed that there is a significant relationship between self-efficacy and the psychological risk. All aspects of self-efficacy psychological dimension in the model had a significant role. In conclusion we can say that the sense of self-efficacy and risk are significant estimators for the performance of the participants.

  • Contents & References of Causal relationship between self-efficacy, psychological risk-taking and performance of swimmers

    List:

    Title

    Chapter One: General research

    Introduction.. 3

    1.1. Statement of the problem.. 4

    2.1. The importance of research.. 6

    3.1. Research objectives.. 7

    1.3.1. General purpose.. 7

    2.3.1. Dedicated goals.. 7

    4.1. Questions... 8

    5.1. Hypotheses... 8

    6.1. Defaults.. 8

    7.1. Conceptual definitions of words and terms. 8

    8.1. Limitations of the research.. 10

    Chapter Two: Literature and research background

    1.2. Theoretical foundation.. 12

    2.2. The background of the research.. 12

    The third chapter: Research method

    1.3. Research method.. 54

    2.3. Society.. 54

    3.3. Statistical sample and sampling method. 54

    4.3.  Operational definition of variables.. 54

    5.3. Variables measurement scale. 54

    6.3. Data collection.. 55

    1.6.3. Measuring tools.. 55

    7.3. Statistical methods.. 55

    Chapter four: Research data analysis

    1.4. Descriptive findings.. 58

    1.1.4. Demographic characteristics.. 58

    2.1.4. Research variables.. 59

    2.4. Inferential findings.. 59

    1.2.4. Test of zero hypotheses.. 59

    Chapter five: Conclusions and suggestions

    Discussion and conclusions.. 70

    List of sources and sources

    Appendices.. 86

    Resources.. 91

    English abstract.. 96

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Causal relationship between self-efficacy, psychological risk-taking and performance of swimmers