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  3. Investigating the relationship between anthropometric dimensions and structural profile with sports injuries of elite runners

Investigating the relationship between anthropometric dimensions and structural profile with sports injuries of elite runners

Number of pages: 103 File Format: word File Code: 31678
Year: 2014 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Physical Education - Sports
Tags/Keywords: Achilles tendonitis - Anthropometric dimensions - Lower limb injuries - Semi-endurance courses - Sports injuries - Structural profile - the elite - the runner
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  • Summary of Investigating the relationship between anthropometric dimensions and structural profile with sports injuries of elite runners

    Sports Pathology and Corrective Movements

    Master's Thesis

    Abstract

    The main goal of this research was to investigate the relationship between anthropometric dimensions and structural profile with sports injuries of elite runners. The statistical population of the present study was all the runners who participated in the beginning of the country's championship season (2013-2014). In this regard, 30 sprinters (with mean age and standard deviation of 22.60±4.28 years, weight 72.20±6.07 kg, height 180.93±5.96 cm and body mass index 22.06±1.65 kg/m2), 15 semi-endurance runners (with mean age and standard deviation of 23.20±3.62 years, weight 69.93±72 kg and height 176.87±2.57 cm and body mass index 20.73 ± 1.71 kg/m2 (and 15 endurance runners) with mean and standard deviation of age 25.60 ± 5.09 years, weight 62.40 ± 6.84 kg, height 176.80 ± 7.76 cm and body mass index ± 1.53 19.94 kg/m2) were chosen non-randomly and voluntarily participated in this research. The research tool includes a researcher-made questionnaire, the validity of which was confirmed by experts and experts, and in this research, it was used to record personal information, the type of lower limb injuries during the past two years, and the subjects' sports history. Caliper, Q angle, goniometer, and plantar arch were used to measure navicular drop (Brody method) to measure knee brace, cross, knee width, and ankle width. In order to analyze the data and to check the distribution of the data, Kalmograph-Smirnov test was used, and according to the abnormal and normal distribution of different variables, the non-parametric chi-square tests were used to check the relationship between injury and abnormality and anthropometric dimensions, as well as Pearson's parametric test to check the relationship between anthropometric dimensions and abnormality at a significant level (p<0.05). SPSS version 21 software was used for statistical analysis (p<0.05). The findings showed that there was a significant relationship between deep feet and plantar fasciitis and between abnormal Q angle and anterior knee pain in runners. On the other hand, there was a significant relationship between thigh length and hamstring strain and Achilles tendonitis in runners. In the field of relationship between anthropometric dimensions and deformity, there was a significant relationship between age and Achilles tendonitis, weight and plantar fasciitis, and flat feet in runners. According to the results, it is suggested to the trainers of runners to be aware of their abnormalities by checking the alignment of the lower limbs of runners so that they can primarily implement injury prevention programs for them.

    Keywords: elite runner, lower limb injuries, anthropometric dimensions, structural profile rtl;">Chapter One

    Research Plan

     

    1-1.      Introduction

    Physical activities can be performed in various ways. Sports is a type of organized and competitive activity that is carried out in the form of certain disciplines. These disciplines can increase the physiological and psychological capacities of athletes in accordance with the individual's performance. Meanwhile, having a proper body posture and maintaining the natural alignment of the body is one of the important goals of physical activities [24]. Athletics as a mother discipline has always had a special place in different societies and nations. Athletics is a combination of track and field and is divided into various sections such as speed, semi-endurance, endurance, throws and jumps. Compared to other sports, athletics has a higher medal value, and for this reason, it is considered very important in team ranking in world or intercontinental competitions [12]. Sports disciplines and their heroes have their own physical and physiological characteristics. And it can also make them suffer from certain physical injuries and deformities. Therefore, the issue of sports abnormalities and injuries of athletes, especially in professional sports, is one of the important fields in sports science [5]. Athletes in various sports fields need to perform continuous exercises and strengthen certain muscles of the body to reach excellent performance levels and spend a lot of time in the dominant body position of that sports field.. Athletes in different sports fields need to do continuous exercises and strengthen certain muscles of the body to achieve high performance levels and they spend a lot of time training in the dominant physical state of that field of sports. As a result, depending on the dominant state of each field of sports, their physical alignment may be affected. There are different physical states that, if they are not too intense, may be a trend for high-level sports performance. Therefore, there is a certain consensus about correcting the unusual characteristics of sports heroes. It doesn't [24]. Championship sports also have complications, one of which can be structural abnormalities of the body. However, there are some minor postural abnormalities that have been adapted to sports skills and indicate that specific sport. Athletics is considered as one of the sports in which lower limb injuries occur a lot. It is estimated that 27-70% of runners will be injured during their sports career. The common injuries of runners are: stress fracture [1], shin splint [2], plantar fasciitis [3], runner's knee [4], patellar-thigh pain [5], Achilles tendonitis [6], patellar tendonitis [7] and hamstring strain [8]. Meanwhile, 3 out of 7 cases of common injuries of runners are in the knee area [50].

    1-2.      Statement of the problem

    The change in the general condition and alignment position of the lower limb as a result of professional and long-term sports is known as pastural deviations [9], which is said to be caused by the intense training of that sport and the inappropriate adaptation of the athlete's body to that field. According to Bloomfield [10] (1994), there are some minor positional deviations that are compatible with sports skills. When it comes to the relationship between injury and deformity caused by sports, this relationship may be two-way, and two concepts can be used from this relationship. One is that sports injuries cause deformity, which has been proven in the long term, but the issue of whether deformity causes injury is still in the veil of ambiguity. Some sports cause a series of changes in the athlete's body, which goes back to the dominant state of the person in that sport and the muscles that are mostly involved in that discipline[51]. There are researches that suggest the relationship between the anthropometric dimensions of people with abnormalities or the tendency to suffer from abnormalities. Considering that each athlete has different anthropometric dimensions, it seems that one of the effective factors in the occurrence of abnormalities can be their anthropometric characteristics. [15]. The position of the body and the mechanical alignment of each of its parts can make a person susceptible to a specific sports injury in addition to secondary compensatory conditions in other parts. However, many documents have not been provided and more research is needed.

    In this regard, the effective factors in causing runners' injuries are divided into 3 groups: 1: Training factors 2: Anatomical factors 3: Biomechanical factors. Several anatomical factors have been mentioned for the occurrence of injuries in runners, although the results of different researches contradict each other. For example, Kwan [11] and McKenzie [12] believe that the increase of the longitudinal arch of the foot causes the occurrence of injuries [84,44]. While Wen [13] and James [14] believe that the height of the longitudinal arch of the foot has no effect on the occurrence of injuries in runners [114, 64]. In any case, the incidence of lower limb injuries in various sports, including athletics, is related to the height of the arch of the foot [120]. Lower limb alignment has been suggested as a risk factor in the occurrence of acute and chronic injuries [98, 108]. This is despite the fact that many researchers have evaluated only one anatomical factor or a small number of anatomical factors of the lower limb [78, 33, 112]. Evaluating only one or a limited number of anatomical factors of the lower limb does not adequately describe the position of the lower limb and also does not provide enough information to show a meaningful relationship with injury from a clinical point of view. The population of this investigation was all runners who participated in the Iranian Premier League Athletics (season 2013/2014).

  • Contents & References of Investigating the relationship between anthropometric dimensions and structural profile with sports injuries of elite runners

    List:

    1-1.   Introduction. 2

    1-2.   State the problem. 3

    1-3.   The necessity and importance of research. 4

    1-4.   Objectives of the research. 5

    1-4-1. general purpose 5

    1-4-2. Specific goals. 5

    1-5.   Presuppositions of research. 5

    1-6.  Research assumptions. 6

    1-7.   Research variables. 6

    1-7-1. criterion variable (independent).. 6

    1-7-2. Dependent variable (predictor) 7

    1-8.   Research limitations. 7

    1-8-1. Controllable limitations. 7

    1-8-2. Uncontrollable limitations. 7

    1-9.   Definition of research words and terms. 8

    Chapter Two: Background of the research. 10

    2-1.  Introduction. 11

    2-2.   The first part of theoretical foundations of research. 11

    2-2-1. Anatomical alignment of the lower limb. 11

    2-2-2 Postural abnormalities 12

    2-2-3. Causes and causes of abnormalities 12

    2-2-4. Lower limb syndromes. 12

    2-2-4-1. Cross syndrome of the lower limbs. 13

    2-2-4-2. Pronation deviation syndrome. 13

    2-2-4-3. Syndrome of motor impairment of the lower limbs. 13

    2-2-5. Cross knee. 14

    2-2-6. Bracket knee. 16

    2-2-7. Navi drop test. 16

    2-2-8. Angle Q. 17

    2-2-9. Common injuries of runners in the lower limbs. 17

    2-2-9-1. Shin splint (pressure syndrome on the inner tibia) 18

    -2.2-9-2. stress fracture. 18

    2-2-9-3. Runner's knee (ilio tibial band syndrome) 18

    2-2-9-4. Anterior knee pain (patellofemoral pain syndrome) 19

    2-2-9-5. Plantarfascia (inflammation of the sole of the foot) 19

    2-2-9-6. Achilles tendonitis. 20

    2-2-10. Anthropometry. 20

    2-2-10-1. The concept of anthropometry. 20

    2-2-10-2. Anthropometric methods and tools. 21

    2-2-10-3. Applications of anthropometry. 21

    2-2-10-4. Human differences in terms of skeletal-muscular structure. 22

    2-3. Research background. 23

    2-3-1. Introduction. 23

    2-3-2. Studies conducted in the field of abnormality and damage. 24

    2-3-3. Studies conducted on the relationship between anthropometric characteristics and sports injuries. 32

    2-3-4. Studies conducted on the relationship between anthropometric characteristics and abnormality. 33

    2-3-5. Summary: 34

    The third chapter: research methodology. 35

    3-1. Introduction. 36

    3-2. Research design. 36

    3-3. Society and the statistical sample of the research. 36

    3-4. Protocol. 37

    3-5. Measurement tools and information collection. 37

    3-6. Measurement methods. 37

    3-6-1. Questionnaire. 38

    3-6-2. Height measurement method. 38

    3-6-3. Weight measurement method. 38

    3-6-4. The method of measuring the bracketed knee. 38

    3-6-5. The method of measuring the deformity of the crossed knee. 39

    3-6-6. Angle measurement method 40

    3-6-7. Navigation loss measurement method. 41

    3-6-8. The method of measuring the length of the lower limb. 42

    3-6-9. Thigh length measurement method. 43

    3-6-10. Leg length measurement method. 44

    3-6-11. How to measure knee width. 45

    3-6-12. Ankle width measurement method 46

    3-6-13. Foot sole length measurement method 47

    3-7. Statistical methods and methods of research data analysis. 48

    Chapter Four: Data Analysis 49

    4-1.   Introduction. 50

    4-2. Test results of repeatability and standard error of measurements 51

    4-3. Descriptive analysis of research findings. 51

    4-3-1. Characteristics of subjects 51

    4-3-2. Quantitative description of structural and anthropometric profile variables. 52

    4-4. Inferential analysis of research findings. 55

    4-4-1. The first null hypothesis: there is no significant relationship between any of the variables (crossed knee, braced knee, flat sole, hollow sole, Q angle) and common injuries of runners. 55

    4-4-1-1. Sub-hypothesis 1: There is no significant relationship between crossed knees and runners' injuries. 55

    4-4-1-2. The second hypothesis: There is no significant relationship between knee braces and runners' injuries. 55

    4-4-1-3. The third sub-hypothesis: There is no significant relationship between flat feet and runners' injuries. 55

    4-4-1-4. Sub-hypothesis 4: There is no significant relationship between the soles of God's feet and the injuries of runners. 55

    4-4-1-5. Under the fifth assumption: Between Sub-hypothesis 5: There is no significant relationship between Q angle and injuries of runners. 55

    4-4-2.         The second null hypothesis: There is no significant relationship between anthropometric characteristics in any of the variables (lower limb length, foot length, thigh length, leg length, knee width, ankle width) with common injuries of runners. 57

    4-4-2-1.    The first hypothesis: There is no significant relationship between the length of the lower limb and the injuries of runners. 57

    4-4-2-2. Second hypothesis: There is no significant relationship between the length of the sole of the foot and the injuries of runners. 57

    4-4-2-3. Third sub-hypothesis: There is no significant relationship between thigh length and runners' injuries. 57

    4-4-2-4.    Sub-hypothesis 4: There is no significant relationship between leg length and runners' injuries. 57

    4-4-2-5. Sub-hypothesis 5: There is no significant relationship between knee width and runners' injuries. 57

    4-4-2-6. Sub-hypothesis 6: There is no significant relationship between ankle width and runners' injuries. 57

    4-4-2-7. The seventh sub-hypothesis: There is no significant relationship between age and injuries of runners. 57

    4-4-2-8. Sub-hypothesis 8: There is no significant relationship between weight and injuries of runners. 57

    4-4-2-9. Sub-hypothesis 9: There is no significant relationship between height and injuries of runners. 57

    4-4-3. Third null hypothesis (HO): There is no significant relationship between anthropometric characteristics (lower limb length, thigh length, leg length, knee width, ankle width, sole length) with lower limb abnormalities (bracketed knee, crossed knee, flat sole, hollow sole and Q angle). 60

    4-4-3-1. Sub-hypothesis 1: There is no significant relationship between age and lower limb abnormalities of runners. 60

    4-4-3-2. Second sub-hypothesis: There is no significant relationship between weight and lower limb abnormalities of runners. 60

    4-4-3-3. Third sub-hypothesis: There is no significant relationship between height and lower limb abnormalities of runners. 60

    4-4-3-4.    The fourth sub-hypothesis: There is no significant relationship between the length of the lower limb and the abnormalities of the lower limb of runners. 60

    4-4-3-5. Fifth sub-hypothesis: There is no significant relationship between thigh length and lower limb abnormalities of runners. 60

    4-4-3-6. Sixth sub-hypothesis: There is no significant relationship between leg length and lower limb abnormalities of runners. 60

    4-4-3-7. The seventh sub-hypothesis: There is no significant relationship between the width of the knee and the abnormalities of the lower limbs of runners. 60

    4-4-3-8. Sub-hypothesis 8: There is no significant relationship between ankle width and lower limb abnormalities of runners. 60

    4-4-3-9. Sub-hypothesis 9: There is no significant relationship between the length of the sole of the foot and the abnormalities of the lower limbs of runners. 60

    4-4-4. Summary of statistical test results. 64

    4-4-4-1. Summary of Chi-square statistical test results in runners. 64

    4-4-4-2. Summary of Pearson statistical test results in runners. 66

    5. Chapter five: discussion and conclusion. 67

    5-1.   Introduction. 68

    5-2.   Summary of the research. 69

    5-3.   Discussion and analysis of the results related to the first hypothesis: There is no significant relationship between any of the variables (bracketed knee, crossed knee, flat sole, hollow sole, Q angle) and the common injuries of runners. 71

    5-4.   Discussion and analysis of the results related to the second hypothesis: There is no significant relationship between anthropometric characteristics in any of the variables (age, weight, height, lower limb length, foot length, thigh length, leg length, knee width, ankle width) with common injuries of runners. 73

    5-5.   Discussion and analysis of the results related to the third hypothesis: There is no significant relationship between anthropometric characteristics (age, weight, height, lower limb length, thigh length, leg length, knee width, ankle width, foot length) and lower limb abnormalities (bracketed knee, crossed knee, flat sole, hollow sole and Q angle). 75

    5-6. Summary. 78

    5-7.   Research suggestions: 79

    5-7-1. Practical suggestions. 79

    5-7-2. Research proposals. 80

     

    Source:

    Emami Meybodi, Mohammad Ali, 1372, Local Anatomy of Organs and Joints, Kerman Cultural Publications and Research Assistant at Kerman University of Medical Sciences, first edition

    Amini Aghdam, Soran, (1386), Abnormal alignments of the lower limbs and history of knee injuries, Master's thesis of Razi University of Kermanshah.

Investigating the relationship between anthropometric dimensions and structural profile with sports injuries of elite runners
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