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  3. The effect of pop training program on physical parameters and 100 meters freestyle record of 10-14 year old female swimmers.

The effect of pop training program on physical parameters and 100 meters freestyle record of 10-14 year old female swimmers.

Number of pages: 80 File Format: word File Code: 31666
Year: 2014 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Physical Education - Sports
Tags/Keywords: Endurance - Explosive leg power - Movement learning - Muscle activity - PAP - Pop exercise - Subcutaneous fat - the swimmer
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  • Summary of The effect of pop training program on physical parameters and 100 meters freestyle record of 10-14 year old female swimmers.

    Academic thesis for obtaining a master's degree

    Physical education and sports sciences majoring in sports physiology

    Abstract

    Aim: The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of post-activity strengthening exercise program (PAP) It was done on the physical indicators and the 100 meter freestyle record of 10 to 14 year old female swimmers.

    Method: For this purpose, 24 female swimmers in the age range of 10 to 14 years were invited to swim training. The criteria for selecting these teenagers was to have at least 3 years of continuous training. Height, weight, leg explosive power, subcutaneous fat thickness, and 100 meters speed swimming record in free style were measured before the test. Then the swimmers were randomly divided into two homogenized groups of 12 PAP (age 12.3±0.34 years, weight 46.71±3.69 kg, height 156±2.54 cm) and control (age 12.4±0.43, weight 47.53±3.81 kg, height 152.16±3.16 cm). The experimental group did PAP exercises 3 times a week for six weeks. PAP exercises were performed by parachute in the water. The control group did normal swimming exercises. After the end of the course, the amount of subcutaneous fat, explosive power and 100m freestyle swimming record were taken. After ensuring the normality of the data distribution (Kolmograph-Smirnov test), covariance was used to compare dependent variables in the experimental group with the control group. In addition, the correlated t statistical method was used to compare the pre-test and post-test variables within the groups.

    Findings: The findings showed that the PAP method improved the performance and reduced the record of swimmers in the experimental group and had a significant effect (P<0.05), but this reduction was not significant in the control group. The results of this research showed that the PAP exercise program did not cause any change in the result of body composition, which includes fat percentage and fat-free weight, in both control and experimental groups, and it was not statistically significant (P<0.05). The effect of PAP training on leg explosive power in the two stages of pre-test and final test was different in the experimental group (P < 0.05), so that the swimmers showed better performance in the final test. But this difference was not significant in the control group (P<0.05).

    Conclusion: The results of the present study show that the PAP training program of this study improved the record, the explosive power of the leg muscles of female swimmers aged 10 to 14 years, and it can be used to prepare these swimmers at least 6 weeks before the competition.

    Key words: PAP, leg explosive power, subcutaneous fat, swimmer.

    Chapter 1

    Introduction and overview of the research plan

    1-1. Introduction

    From the time a swimmer begins his sports career to achieving his best sports performance, it may take up to three decades. One of the main reasons for this long period is the time needed to create functional and especially structural adaptations that can only be achieved with regular and continuous exercises over several years. Therefore, the purpose of training is to make changes in physiological, biochemical, technical, psychological, etc. mechanisms. The main goal of the training process is definitely to increase performance. For coaches and athletes, this goal is clearly the best goal. However, achieving this goal is not easy. It should be said that increasing performance is actually a voluntary process that leads to adaptation (3). One of the most important goals of researchers in the field of sports science is to find new training methods that bring the best results for coaches and athletes. Since strength and endurance exercises are the basis for achieving maximum performance for any physical activity, athletes at any level, whether amateur-professional or even at any level of physical fitness, pay special attention to this category of exercises (15).In order to find out the maximum potential of the human body's capabilities in different dimensions, especially anatomical and physiological, it is better to use elite athletes and heroes and to achieve such capabilities, with the help of relevant sciences, appropriate and desirable methods and ways are chosen (20). A large number of sports activities, such as swimming sprints, football and a number of other sports, require the combination of two components of strength and endurance to reach peak performance (3). Also, these materials show that when the motor units become stronger, fewer motor units are used to produce a certain force or a certain speed, as a result of which a reserve of motor units is created for additional work (2). Statement of the problem

    Elite athletes do not appear at the highest levels of championship all at once and suddenly. Their physical fitness and skill is the result of efforts, years of continuous and long training, and the result of the hard work of trainers and workers, which has been planned and implemented with great patience. The records achieved at the world level show that coaches and athletes can no longer search for their successes in an imaginary world far from scientific facts and relying on legends. The progress of laboratory equipment and medical sciences and the basis and application of the findings of these sciences in physical education and sports under the heading of sports physiology, movement learning, biomechanics, sports psychology has caused the planning of guidance and implementation of training programs that enable the success of the athlete to develop significantly (20). The combination of two components of strength and endurance are needed to reach the peak of performance, apart from the 400, 800 and 1500 meters, most swimming competitions end in less than two minutes, and this time shows that a large part of the energy required in these disciplines is provided by anaerobic means, and victory in them depends on high strength and power. But training should go beyond boosting swimmers' energy supply and strength. It may be argued that swimming technique is the most important determinant of victory. Therefore, the general consensus is that swimming training should:

    1) Maximize the aerobic and anaerobic energy systems of swimmers.

    2) Increase the strength and power of the swimmer.

    3) Strengthen swimming technique.

    In general, speed swimming It depends on the different combined capabilities as well as the performance of the speed breaststroke on the base strength and motor ability (49). The important issue in strength training for swimming is to increase strength and power. Therefore, scientific research has shown that traditional (old) programs of weight training may increase muscle strength without a real emphasis on swimming (3).

    Recently, a concept known as post-activity strengthening (PAP)[1], in order to increase power for strength development, has been strongly proposed in athletes. The concept of PAP is expressed by Robbins[2] in such a way that by performing PAP, the force exerted by the muscle increases due to the previous contraction. Post-exercise potentiation is a theory that states that the contraction of one muscle will influence the mechanical performance of the subsequent muscle contraction. Therefore, PAP is the increase in muscle force and the rate of force development that occurs as a result of previous muscle activation and increases force, strength at high speed, muscle contraction force. On the other hand, the excitation of the nervous system increases the contractile function for high stimulation. There are different methods to increase the power and strength of athletes (43). One of the most effective and common ways to increase competitive performance is to use different training methods. Despite the differences of opinion regarding the training methods of swimmers, most experts agree on the importance of specific training methods, including resistance training, and consider these exercises to be an inseparable part of the training program of swimming champions.

  • Contents & References of The effect of pop training program on physical parameters and 100 meters freestyle record of 10-14 year old female swimmers.

    List:

    Title

    Chapter One: Introduction and general research plan

    Research abstract ..1

    1-1. Introduction ..3

    1-2. statement of the problem .4

    1-3. The importance and necessity of research. .7

    1-4. Research objectives..9

    1-4-1. General goal ..9

    1-4-2. Specific objectives 9

    1-5. Research hypotheses. 9

    1-6. Research limitations. 9

    1-6-1. Uncontrollable restrictions. 9

    1-6-2. The limitations that the researcher has applied. 10

    1-7. Definitions of research words. 10

    1-7-1. Pope (PAP).10

    1-7-2. Body composition. 10

    1-7-3. Elite swimmers. 10

    1-7-5. 11. Explosive power

    Chapter two: theoretical foundations and research background

    2-1. Introduction ..13

    2-2. Theoretical foundations of research. 13

    2-2-1. Swimming sport in history. 13

    2-2-2. History of swimming in Iran. 14

    2-2-3. Different disciplines and age groups. 14

    2-2-4. Different training methods. 15

    2-2-4-1. Endurance training. 15

    2-2-4-2. Resistance and strength exercises. 17

    2-2-4-3. Circle exercises. 17

    2-2-4-4. Intermittent exercise. 18

    2-2-5. PAP practice. 18

    2-2-6. body composition .20

    2-2-7. Explosive power. 23

    2-3. An overview of the research background. 24

    2-4. Summary..44

     

    Chapter Three: Research Methodology

    3-1. Introduction ..46

    3-2. Research method and design. 46

    3-3. Society and statistical sample. 46

    3-4. Research variables. 47

    3-5. Conditions and method of taking the test. 48

    3-6. Measurement tools and methods. 52

    3-6-1. Practice protocol (PAP). 52

    3-6-2. 100 meters swimming record .52

    3-6-3. Height measurement .52

    3-6-4. Measurement of weight. 53

    3-6-5. Body mass index. 53

    3-6-6. Body fat percentage.53

    3-6-7. Explosive power .55

    3-7. 56. Statistical methods

    Chapter four: research findings

    4-1. Introduction..58

    4-2. Data analysis. 58

    4-3. Description of the demographic information of the statistical sample. 59

    4-4. Testing the research hypotheses. 60

    Chapter five: discussion and conclusion

    5-1. Introduction ..74

    5-2. Summary of results ..74

    5-3. Discussion and investigation. 74

    5-3-1. Discussion and review about the results of the swimming record. 75

    5-3-2. Discussion and review about the results of body composition. 77

    5-3-3. Discussion and review about the results of the explosive power of the foot. 79

    5-4. Conclusion..82

    5-5. Suggestions ..82

    5-5-1. Practical suggestions. 82

    5-5-2. Research suggestions. 83. List of sources and references. 84. Appendices.. Source: 1. Akhundenia, Kivan. (2012). The effect of the two methods of warming up the pop and massage reaches the time of the 50 meters freestyle swimming record. Master's thesis. Gilan University of Research Sciences.

    2. Adams, Gene M. (2012). Sports Physiology Laboratory Guide. Translation: Farhad Rahmani Nia, Hamid Rajabi, Abbas Ali Gaini, Hossein Mojtahdi. Tehran: Zavinah Publications.

    3. Amir Shaghaghi, Farhanaz. Shabkhiz, Fatima. Aminian Razavi, Torandekht. Qalichipur, Noushin. (1389). The effect of a selected resistance training course on the freestyle swimming record of female students. Journal of Physiology and Management Research in Sports, No. 5, page 63-73.

    4. Stone, Michael, H. Stone, Meg. Sands, William E. (2011). Basics and application of resistance exercises. Translation: Hamid Erazi, Mohammad Azizi, Kazem Ranjbar. Tehran: Zavinah Publications.

    5. Esmaili, Mohammadreza. (1382).  General principles of physical activities, Tehran, Danesh Afrooz Publications.

    6. Albrecht, John. (1383). The science of victory (planning, periodization and optimization of swimming exercises). Translation: Behzad and Mehdi Khabazian. Tehran: Publisher of Swimming Federation of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

    7. Bahrami, Mohammad Hossein. (2011). Research institute article (virtual community of scholars).

    8. Jafari, Ahmed. Ramezani, Alireza. (2011). The effect of eight weeks of simultaneous intermittent and resistance training and continuous and resistance training on strength, body composition and lipid profiles in non-athletic boys aged 14 to 17 years.The effect of eight weeks of simultaneous intermittent and resistance training and continuous and resistance training on strength, body composition and lipid profiles in overweight non-athletic boys aged 14 to 17 years. Sport biological sciences article, number 15.

    9. Javadian Saraf, Nasrallah. Tabatabaian, Fakhralsadat. (1382). Investigating the physical characteristics affecting the competitive results of young elite female swimmers. Movement Magazine, No. 16, page 158-143.

    10. Roberges, Robert A. Roberts, Scott O. (1387). Basic principles of physiology (2). (exams and special sports topics). Translation: Abbas Ali Gaini, Wali Allah Dabiri Roshan. Tehran, Samit Publications.

    11. Roberges, Robert A. Roberts, Scott A. (1385). Basic principles of physiology (1) (energy, adaptations and sports performance). Translation: Abbas Ali Gaini, Wali Allah Dabiri Roshan. Tehran: Samit Publications.

    12. Rahmaniya, Farhad. Hojjati, Zahra. (2012). Prevention and treatment of obesity. Tehran: Zavinah Publications.

    13. Ramzanpour, Mohammadreza. Moghadam, Amir. Alizadeh, Mehdi. (1389). The effect of plyometric exercises on the explosive power of legs, speed, agility and flexibility of taekwondo athletes. Journal of Sports Science Research, first year, number 1.

    14. Ramzanpour, Mohammad Reza. (1380). The effect of a selected exercise program on aerobic fitness and some structural and physiological characteristics and its comparison in two groups of university men. Olympic magazine, volume 9, number 3-4 (consecutive), page 53 to 64.

    15. Rahimi, Ronas. (2011). Investigating the effect of four weeks of strength training and taking glutamine supplements on monoglobins A, G, M and blood cortisol in young and beginner male bodybuilders. Master's thesis. Mazandaran University of Research Sciences.

    16. Zali, Babak (1386). The effect of a selected plyometric training program on some structural and functional characteristics of male student swimmers. Master's thesis. Islamic Azad University (Tehran Center).

    17. Shahdadi, Ahmed. (1378). The effect of plyometric exercises on explosive power and change of acceleration of handball players. Master's thesis. Tehran teacher training university.

    18. Shahrabadi, Hadi. Especially, Nahid. (1390). Effect of 8 weeks of dry land strength training program on the performance of immature male swimmers. Regional conference of physical training and sports sciences.

    19. Sadeghi, Haider. Hasrat Ashtiani, Pandar. (1385). The relationship between some anthropometric and biomechanical indicators with the implementation of two backstroke start techniques among national male and female swimmers. Journal of research in sports management and movement behavior, number 8, page 33-44.

    20. Appearance, confidence. Ismail Nesab, rare. (1389). The effect of resistance training of mid-body muscles on changes in body composition and serum lipids of Islamic Azad University students, Sanandaj branch. Scientific Journal of Kurdistan Medicine. 14 (4):20-28.

    21. Gurbanzadeh Goklani, Gurban Mohammad. (1367). Comparison of body composition, body size and maximum oxygen consumption in elite Iranian athletes in swimming, athletics and wrestling. Master's thesis. University of Tehran.

    22. Qoje Lee, legend. (1380). Investigating the effect of a course of plyometric exercises on the variables of anaerobic power, reaction speed and record of elite female swimmers of the Iranian national team. (15 to 17 years old). Movement magazine, number 10, page 31 to 40.

    23. Gaini, Abbas Ali. (1383). History of modern swimming and diving. Journal of the growth of physical education, number 13, page 24-25.

    24. Gaini, Abbas Ali. Rajabi, Hamid. (2012). physical fitness Tehran: Samit Publications.

    25. Gaini, Abbas Ali. Moini, Masoud. (1379). Investigation and comparison of fat percentage of athletes and non-athletes in Tehran. Olympic magazine, volume 8, number 17, page 67 to 72. 26. Gaini, Abbas Ali. Sheikh al-Islami Watani, Dariush. Fayaz Milani, Rana. Lari, Ali Asghar. (1386). The relationship between female elite swimmers' record with cardiovascular efficiency and their body composition, body type and anthropometric characteristics. Journal of research in sports sciences, number 15, pages 9 to 22.

    27. McArdle, William D. Ketch, Frank I. Ketch, Victor L. (1384). Sports physiology (1) (energy and nutrition). Translation: Asghar Khaledan. Tehran: Samit Publications.

    28. Nurshahi, Maryam. Huanlu, Freiburg. Beyzadeh, Mehdi. Zar, Abdul Saleh. (1389). Comparison of the effect of resistance and speed training on flexibility, hamstring muscle strength and anaerobic power. Sport and biomotor sciences article, first year, number 3, page 10-20.

    29. Good luck, God bless you. Ibrahim, Khosrow. Azimi, Nima (2011). The effect of training with swimming soles in backstroke swimming on the aerobic and anaerobic capacity of swimmers. Journal of Sports Physiology, No. 15, page 51-70.

    30. Vashghani Farahani, Zahra. (2011).

The effect of pop training program on physical parameters and 100 meters freestyle record of 10-14 year old female swimmers.
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