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  3. The relationship between participation in recreational sports and the dimensions of social capital (a case study of young people aged 15-29 in Tehran)

The relationship between participation in recreational sports and the dimensions of social capital (a case study of young people aged 15-29 in Tehran)

Number of pages: 118 File Format: word File Code: 31662
Year: Not Specified University Degree: Master's degree Category: Physical Education - Sports
Tags/Keywords: Athletes - Participation - Participation in sports - Recreational sports - Social capital - Sports participation - the audience - The youth
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  • Summary of The relationship between participation in recreational sports and the dimensions of social capital (a case study of young people aged 15-29 in Tehran)

    Dissertation

    To obtain a master's degree

    Sports management field

    Abstract

    The purpose of the present research was to determine the relationship between participation in recreational sports and dimensions of social capital in young people aged 15-29 in Tehran. The sample size was calculated using Cochran's formula of 384 people and sampling was done by random cluster method. The current research was descriptive and correlational. The data collection tool was the third part of the comprehensive physical activity questionnaire of the World Health Organization and the six-dimensional Grotert questionnaire. Both instruments were translated in a three-step method. Their formal and content validity was checked and confirmed by a group of experts in the field of social sciences and sports management. Cronbach's alpha method was used to calculate reliability, which was 0.84 for social capital and 0.782 for sports participation. In order to analyze the research data, descriptive statistics (mean, frequency, percentage, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (k-s test, Spearman and Pearson correlation and univariate regression) were used. Based on the findings of the research, a significant and positive relationship was observed between participation in sports and membership in groups and networks, trust and unity, shared activities and cooperation, dependence and social cohesion, empowerment and participation in political activities. But the variable of participation in recreational sports did not show a significant relationship with the amount of information and communication. The regression results showed that participation in recreational sports is a significant predictor for social capital. By providing and providing social capital through information and awareness in order to increase trust and unity, teaching socialization, participation, social solidarity among young people, supporting cultural centers, holding sports competitions with the purpose of happiness, ensuring the safety of young people in order to participate voluntarily in institutions, promoting local groups, grounding, creating and strengthening social institutions are methods of increasing social capital.

    Keywords: Social capital, participation, recreational sports, youth.

    Introduction

         Social capital[1] with its wide range of concepts has increasingly attracted the attention of social science experts and thinkers in the last 20 years. This capital is the origin of groups that are organized spontaneously and voluntarily, and its existence is necessary and vital for the proper functioning of public and official institutions. Social networks and norms related to social capital are created through different forms of participation in civic and communication activities that include personal interactions, and in this way increase trust and interaction. In general, its profitable consequences at the individual level are improving health, creating and improving entrepreneurial opportunities, and at the community level, increasing social coordination and cohesion, economic and social development, and reducing the crime rate and democratic procedures (Parasamhru et al., 2012). Cooperation always seems easier in a society that is blessed with remarkable social capital (Sharapour and Hosseini Rad, 2017). Today, it is certain that reaching development, civil society, universal standards and a suitable platform for social life can only be formed with the existence of social capital. Fukuyama[2] considers life in a society with social capital to be simple and considers the growing inadequacies and problems of Western countries as a result of the erosion and depletion of this capital, especially its main source, the family (Mohareghi, 2015). The point is that social activities at the unorganized level have the ability to motivate, inspire and create social spirit in the society. Sports can be used as a means to create new friendships and social connections, especially between different classes in terms of religion and ethnicity. These people can include athletes, non-athlete participants (spectators) and ultimately can lead to an increase in the norms of trust and interaction.

    Putnam[3], the most famous theorist of social capital, believes that most sports are a communicative activity due to their nature, and participation in sports includes the conscious participation of people as participants and spectators, who are mutually related, and as a result of these mutual relationships, social rewards are exchanged between them. Putnam considers membership and participation in groups with horizontal order (such as sports clubs, voluntary unions, etc.) and civil participation networks to be one of the necessary forms of social capital (Parasamhru et al., 2012). He has brought along. Getting out of the current situation requires suitable and appropriate tools, including sports activities as a multidimensional tool with extensive health, economic, and social effects, helping to have healthy leisure time and creating vitality and vitality (Razavi and Taheri, 2008). Recreational sports can compensate for the inactivity of daily life in free time, and it is one of the most suitable and perhaps the most necessary types of free time in today's era. (Jalali Farahani, 1390). The social function of sports in the development and consolidation of social relations is the basic and fundamental function that leaves significant effects on the entire structure of society and the relationships in social strata and individuals (Krimian et al., 2013). On the other hand, one of the activities that people can do in their free time is communicating with other people for various reasons; But in parallel with the increase in population, face-to-face relationships lose their function and are replaced by other types of relationships. According to Simmel[4], the result of such conditions is the instability of relationships and the reduction of social trust. Social capital is one of the multifaceted concepts in social sciences, which was scientifically and academically proposed in the early 20th century and entered the political science and sociology texts since 1980. The application of the concept of social capital as it is considered today has gradually become common in the 1990s (Sheikhi, 2013).

          In many western countries, people form groups and associations for the smallest communal issues of society. However, in the third world countries, the lack of these connections and of course the undesirable and non-functional efficiency of trade union or group centers and associations is significant and tangible. (Researcher, 2015). In the meantime, sport is known as a social and cultural phenomenon that has forced people to interact and interact in a social network that has complex social relationships, and has become the arena for the emergence of meaningful behaviors, attitudes, and representations in the current century. (Fathi, 1388).

              Social capital and social networks are one of the environmental factors that determine the level of adaptation and health of society, because social activities and movements require more physical activities than activities that are in social isolation (Terkano Parsamehr, 1391).

    This research will use Grotert's six-dimensional division [5], which is as follows:

    1- Groups and networks [6]

    Groups can be formal organized groups or informal and voluntary groups. These groups contain a wide range of diversity (Grotert, 2004). Performing volunteer activities due to the transfer of knowledge and personal trust, increases social growth and improves human value in society (Razavi and Taheri, 2008). government, local or central trust (Grotert, 2004). Trust is considered the basic prerequisites for the economic, social, cultural and political development of any society.

  • Contents & References of The relationship between participation in recreational sports and the dimensions of social capital (a case study of young people aged 15-29 in Tehran)

    List:

    Chapter One: Introduction and generalities of the research

    Introduction...2

    Problem statement...3

    Importance and necessity.8

    Research objectives.12

    Research assumptions.13

    Research limitations.

    Conceptual definitions 14.

    Chapter Two: Literature, theoretical foundations and research background

    2-1 Leisure time. 17

    2-1-1 The lexical origin of leisure. 17. Definitions of the concept and theories of leisure time. 18

    2-3 Recreation.. 24

    2-4 Recreational sports. 26

    5-2 Social capital, definitions, theories. 30

    2-6 Definitions of social capital. 32

    2-6-1 Social capital from Pirpurdio's point of view. 33

    2-6-2 Social capital from the perspective of James Coleman. 34

    2-6-3 Social capital from the perspective of Robert Putnam. 36

    2-6-4 Social capital from Nan Lin's point of view. 38

    2-6-5 Social capital from the perspective of Francis Fukuyama. 40

    2-7 Other definitions of social capital. 42

    2-8 Genealogy and historical context of social capital. 43

    2-9 Examining theories about social capital. 47

    2-9-1 Social capital building factors. 47

    2-9-1-1 Institutional factors. 47

    2-9-1-2 Spontaneous agents. 48

    2-9-1-3 External factors. 48

    2-9-1-4 natural factors.  49

    2-10 Social capital in the current research. 49

    2-10-1 Membership in groups and networks. 50

    2-10-2 Trust and unity. 51

    2-10-3 Shared activities. 55

    2-10-3-1 social participation. 56

    2-10-4 Information and communication. 60

    2-10-5 social dependence and inclusion. 61

    2-10-6 Political empowerment and activity. 62

    2-11 Research background. 63

    2-12 Summary of research background. 71

    Chapter three: research method

    3-1 Research method. 75

    3-2 The statistical population of the research. 75

    3-3 Sample and sampling method. 75

    3-4 The research data collection tool. 77

    3-5 The validity and reliability of the questionnaire. 80

    3-5-1 Participation in recreational sports. 80

    3-5-2 Social capital. 80

    3-5-3 Determining the reliability of questionnaires. 81

    3-6 Research variables. 82

    3-7 Statistical methods. 82

    Chapter Four: Research Findings

    4-1 Description of the individual characteristics of the research subjects. 85

    4-1-1 Gender. 85

    4-1-2 Age .. 86

    4-1-3 Occupation .. 86

    4-1-4 Educational status 87

    4-1-5 Income amount. 87

    4-1-6 Free time during the day. 88

    4-1-7 The priorities they consider for free time. 90

    4-2 Descriptive indicators related to research variables. 90

    4-2-1 Description of research subjects' participation in recreational sports. 90

    4-2-2 Description of subjects' social capital dimensions. 91

    4-3 Checking the normality of the distribution of variables. 97

    4-4 Test of research hypotheses. 98

    4-4-1 The first hypothesis. 98

    4-4-2 The second hypothesis. 99

    4-4-3 The third hypothesis. 100

    4-4-4 The fourth hypothesis. 101

    4-4-5 The fifth hypothesis. 102

    4-4-6 The sixth hypothesis. 103

    4-4-7 The seventh hypothesis. 104

    4-4-8 The eighth hypothesis. 105

    Chapter Five: Discussion and conclusion

    5-1 Summary of the research. 108

    5-2 Research results. 109

    5-2-1 Descriptive results. 109

    5-2-2 Hypothesis test results. 111

    3-5 Discussion and conclusion. 112

    4-5 Suggestions from the research. 117

    5-5 Suggestions for future research. 120

    List of sources. 122

    Appendices

    Appendix 1 Personal Profile Questionnaire. 137

    Appendix 2 Social Capital Questionnaire

    Source:

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    3- Avest, Divar. Evcher, Charles, (1374). "Basics of physical education andFundamentals of physical training and sports, translated by Ahad Azad, publications of the National Olympic Committee of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, 1374, pp. 91-94.

    4- Afarinesh Khaki, Akbar, (1384). "Ways of development of sports, public development in the country from the point of view of experts, experts, coaches and athletes", doctoral dissertation, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, pp. 23-36.

    5- Azkia, Mustafa. Ghaffari, Gholamreza, (2010). "Investigation of the relationship between social cohesion and organized social participation of villagers in the rural areas of Kashan", Agricultural Economic Journal, 6th year, No. 36, pp. 56-66.

    6- Efe, Klaus, (2015). "How can citizens be trusted? Trust, democracy and development, Tehran, Shirazeh Publishers, translator: Kian Tajbakhsh, pp. 30.

    7- Inglehart, Ronaldo, (1373). "Cultural transformation in an advanced industrial society", translator: Maryam Veter, Tehran, Kavir Publications, pp. 89-88.

    8- Ejtihadi, Mustafa, (1386). "Social Capital", Research Journal of Humanities, no. 53, p.4-7.

    9- Parsamehr, Mastane, "Relation between social capital and sports participation among teenagers", p.109-127.

    10- Piro, Alan, (1370). Tehran, pp.100-102.

    11- Putnam, Robert, (1380). "The Italian experience and lessons for countries in transition", translator: Mohammad Taghi Delfroz, Tehran newspaper, pp. 187-180.

    12- Turkan, Rahmat Elah The relationship between social capital and participation in sports activities", Journal of Nursing Research, No. 26, pp. 69-79.

    13- Tajbakhsh, Kian. Thaghafi, Murad. Kohestaninejad, Masoud (2012). "Social capital and social policies (investigation of social capital situation in Iran)", Social welfare, No. 10, pp. 155-200.

    14- Tandnavis, Fereydoun, (2015). "How to spend leisure time of university students in the country with an emphasis on sports activities", doctoral dissertation, University of Tehran, pp. 34-35. 15- Jalali Farhani, Majid, (2011). "Management of leisure time and recreational sports". Tehran University Press, 7th edition. pp. 109-61-60-36-35-5-11.

    16- Khatami, Samia. Parsamehr, Mehraban, (2010). "The role of social capital on sports consumption (watching sports)", biannual research in sports management and movement behavior, number 1, pp. 74-73.

    17- Chabi, Masoud, (2015). "Sociology of order: description and theoretical analysis of social order", Tehran Ney publishing house, pp. 302-300.

    18- Hyderabadi, Abolqasem, (2010). "Social trust and socio-cultural factors affecting it (a case study of young people aged 20-29 in Mazandaran province)", specialized journal of sociology, first year, pages 40-65.

    19- Haydaranjad, Alireza. Bagheri, Abdul Reza. Asanlo, Ali, (2011). "Comparison of the amount of social capital in addicted and non-addicted youth", Quarterly Journal of Drug Abuse Research, 6th year, number 24, pages 89-85.

    20- Haj Abdullahi, Zahra, (2016). "Study on how students spend their free time in Tehran", master's thesis, Islamic Azad University, Roudhan branch, p. 24. 21- Khalilzadeh, Ali. Kohestani, Hossein Ali. "Research in leisure time and ways of using it". December, 2013. Human Sciences Comprehensive Journal, pp. 22-32.

    22 - Khodadad Kashi, Hamid, (2014). "Determining the effectiveness of extra-curricular sports activities in Tehran universities and providing a model of effectiveness", doctoral thesis of physical education and sports sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, pp. 67-87.

    23- Dehkhoda, Ali Akbar, (1375).  Dictionary, volume 27, pp. 110. 24- Razavi, Mohammad Hossein. Ashkoh Taheri, Reza, (1388). "Evaluation of the Socio-Economic Status (SES) of People Participating in Public Sports Activities in Mazandaran Province", Sports Management, No. 5, pp. 21-34.

    25- Rifat Jah, Maryam, (1390). "Public Leisure and Sports", Cultural Research Quarterly, Volume 4, Number One, pp. 151-190. 26- Rostgarkhald, Amir. Pakbaz, Sakineh. Mohammadi, Maitham, (2014). "Investigating the relationship between the cultural capital of young people and their quality of life in Tehran", Social Development Quarterly, Volume 7, Number 4, Pages 107-78.

    Rahmani, Ahmed. Poor Ranjbar, Mohammad. Bakhshnia, Tayyaba, (2005). "Investigation and comparison of how female students of Zanjan universities spend their free time with an emphasis on the role of physical education and sports", Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, 5th period, 3rd issue, pp. 209-216.

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The relationship between participation in recreational sports and the dimensions of social capital (a case study of young people aged 15-29 in Tehran)
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