Investigating and comparing the effect of seven weeks of continuous and periodic aerobic exercises on body composition and aerobic capacity of non-athletic female students aged 13-17

Dissertation for receiving a master's degree in physical education majoring in sports physiology

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to investigate and compare the effect of seven weeks of continuous and periodic aerobic exercises on the aerobic capacity and body composition of non-athletic girls aged 13 to 17. For this purpose, 22 non-athlete students with an average age of 15 ± 2 years, weight 49.700 kg, height 158.85 cm and BMI 19.79, who had no experience in any of the sports fields, were selected and randomly divided into two groups of continuous aerobic training (11 people) and intermittent aerobic training (11 people). Each of the two experimental groups trained for 7 weeks with 3 training sessions per week for 30 minutes each session, the continuous training group with an intensity of 60-65% of the maximum heart rate and the intermittent training group with an intensity of 70-75%. In the pre-test and post-test stages, to measure aerobic capacity, Cooper's test and their body composition were estimated with a body composition analysis device. The findings of this research showed that 7 weeks of continuous aerobic training had a significant effect on aerobic capacity and body composition. Also, seven weeks of intermittent aerobic exercise caused a significant difference in aerobic capacity, but did not have a significant effect on body composition. Comparing these two methods together in terms of the effect of the type of exercise on aerobic capacity and body composition, according to the findings of the research, it can be said that there is no significant difference between seven weeks of continuous aerobic exercise and intermittent aerobic exercise in terms of body composition and aerobic capacity.

Key words: non-athletic girls, continuous aerobic exercise, intermittent aerobic exercise, aerobic power, body composition

Chapter One: Research Overview

Research Overview

1-1. Introduction

The main goal of physical education (which is the same as the general goal of education) is the all-round education of children and youth as useful and responsible people of society. Therefore, physical education programs in terms of proper upbringing of children and youths should have characteristics, among which it can be pointed out that it should bring the person to the desired level in terms of physical fitness, that is, it can guarantee the fitness and efficiency of the body. Also, with its help, a person can have complete mastery in the use of his body and acquire the necessary skills and strengthen it.

Physical fitness of young people is a fundamental and essential thing that guarantees the health and strength of individuals and society, it must be said that the body's efficiency cannot be obtained from any other educational program except through physical training. A person who has the necessary physical strength and efficiency is able to perform his daily duties and tasks without fatigue and acquires the necessary ability to spend leisure time or deal with sudden events. Strength, power, endurance, agility, flexibility and speed are the main features and characteristics of the body's efficiency, which must be achieved while implementing planned sports programs. The program of this part should also pay special attention to the body and muscle fitness; Also, special attention should be paid to the nutrition of children and adolescents. The program of the body's efficiency should be adjusted in such a way as to guarantee the health and strength of the body for many years and strengthen the performance of activities after the academic period.

1-2. Statement of the problem

Technology and modernization of life, as well as the expansion of urban life and apartment culture, although in many ways, has brought prosperity and comfort to today's mankind, but on the other hand, it has been accompanied by a decrease in mobility and physical activity and has affected the physical health and cardiovascular fitness of humans. Urban life has largely limited the natural cycle of life and especially movement activities, and due to the lack of movement, modern humans are exposed to diseases such as increased blood pressure, increased fat, and complications such as obesity, bone deformity, muscle weakness, and general weakness in dealing with various diseases (Piroi, 2013). They are forced to exercise hard based on their physical strength so that the correct steps can be taken towards the fitness and efficiency of the body.Paying attention to the efficiency of the body makes the bones, joints and muscles of the body stronger to perform movements and activities. Respiratory and blood flow systems also benefit to a large extent from the implementation of correct sports programs and movements. The earlier and at a younger age appropriate sports programs are implemented, the lower the incidence of heart diseases and other inefficiencies. The relationship between physical fitness and the speed of transfer, learning, discipline, adapting to the environment, creating social traits and cooperation with others is unquestionable, and coaches should pay attention to it. Physical skills are the result of the body's strength, endurance, and agility, and are obtained by implementing correct sports programs (Piravi, 2013).

1-3. Necessity and importance

The effect of sports on the physical and mental health of students is vital, and sports activities develop psychomotor skills and increase physical fitness of students, and it is an effective step in improving the mental health of students. A student who has the necessary physical strength and efficiency is able to perform his daily duties and tasks without feeling tired and acquires the necessary ability to spend free time or deal with sudden events. Such a person will stay away from diseases, inadequacies, and physical defects, and endurance, agility, flexibility, and speed are his characteristics (Shirzadi, 2012).

During the investigations, unfortunately, children and teenagers are not fully active and mobile, so it is necessary for children to engage in sports that are useful for improving their health and improving their health level. In this regard, the important point is that the parents of the schools, in coordination with the parents, should choose the appropriate exercise for the student according to various factors such as age, physical ability, history of family diseases, and the child's health status, and one of the main goals of the experts is to be able to include 30 minutes of light and calm exercise in most days of the week for the students and help create a healthy culture in the spirit of the students. It should be noted that numerous researches on the effect of exercise on the growth and physical fitness as well as the vitality of girls showed that girls who exercise have flexible and active bodies (Shirzadi, 2013).

Therefore, considering the importance of student exercise and its beneficial effects on various aspects of people's health, it is necessary to address the need for exercise for female students, who are the mothers of tomorrow's society, and their health contributes to the general health of the society. It helps to minimize and eradicate the lack of movement which is the result of modern civilized life and which is the cause of many physical and mental ailments such as coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, obesity, osteoporosis, diabetes, mental stress and insomnia as well as back pain (Rajabi, 2014).

A person's physical capabilities through various sports exercises are aimed at achieving specific goals of health and heroism, and it can be attributed to doing daily tasks without fatigue and spending a lot of energy (Agha Alinejad, 2013), it has several components, one of the most important factors of which is previous vascular endurance, which has been determined in the conducted research that boys, unlike girls, have relatively good conditions in terms of previous respiratory fitness, and the amount of poor movement in girls is more than boys, and it should be reduced (Rajabi, 1384).

On the other hand, body composition, which is another factor of physical fitness related to health, can also be controlled with aerobic exercises, because a high percentage of body fat is an important factor in the lack of physical fitness related to health. People whose body weight is 10-20% overweight according to their age, gender and height are considered obese people, and people who are overweight 50% more than their ideal weight are known as extremely obese people (Sajdi, 13). Therefore, in the present study, the relationship between continuous and periodic aerobic exercise on cardiorespiratory endurance and body composition of teenage girls is investigated. It is possible to take a step towards improving their health and well-being from the results.

1-4. Research objectives

1-4-1.