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The relationship between mental toughness, ways to cope with stress and optimism in Iranian sitting volleyball players

Number of pages: 87 File Format: word File Code: 31655
Year: 2014 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Physical Education - Sports
Tags/Keywords: competition - Dealing with stress - Men's volleyball players - mental toughness - optimism - Players of the sitting volleyball premier league - Sitting volleyball - stress
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  • Summary of The relationship between mental toughness, ways to cope with stress and optimism in Iranian sitting volleyball players

    Dissertation for Master's Degree in Physical Education and Sports Science

    Abstract

           The aim of the present study was the relationship between mental toughness, ways to cope with stress and optimism in the players of the sitting volleyball league of Iran. The statistical population of this research was all male volleyball players of the sitting volleyball league of Iran, and the sample size was 70 people who were selected based on Morgan's table. The data of the research was obtained by using three questionnaires of Golbi and Sheard's mental toughness, Yu's ways of coping with stress and Scheer and Carver's optimism with reliability of 80%, 81% and 76% from Cronbach's alpha formula. Spearman's correlation and regression were used to analyze the data. Spearman's correlation results showed that there is a significant relationship between mental toughness and ways to cope with stress, as well as between optimism and mental toughness. Also, the results showed that there is no significant relationship between optimism and ways to deal with stress.

     

     

    Key words: mental toughness, optimism, ways to deal with stress, sitting volleyball

    1-1) Introduction

    Mental toughness [1] is nowadays introduced as one of the important characteristics in the success of athletes (Golby and Sheard [2], 2004), but there is still little understanding of this term in sports psychology (Jones et al. [3], 2002). The definition of this concept varies not only among coaches, sports commentators, fans, and athletes, but also among different researchers. In general, it can be said that mental toughness is: the ability to deal with pressures and hardships, overcome obstacles and failures, focus on the goal, maintain and gain peace after failure, stable performance at high levels of competition and competitiveness. Mental toughness is a skill that empowers athletes and makes them succeed in difficult and stressful situations such as training, competition and post-competition (Jones et al., 2002).  Some qualitative research stated that athletes with higher mental toughness cope with stress more effectively than athletes with less toughness (Keisler et al. [4], 2009). Stress and stressful events are considered integral components of competitive sports. The prevalence of stressful factors such as committing a mental or physical error, experiencing pain and discomfort, observing a competitor's cheating or success, the referee's penalty and the coach's reprimand make the necessity of effective coping skills inevitable in order to maintain the athlete's health and achieve sports success. The inability to effectively deal with stressful factors will be detrimental to the athlete's performance and sports success (Bashart, 2016).     Another psychological construct that appears to be related to both mental toughness and coping is optimism (Nichols et al., 2008). Optimism refers to an orientation in which positive outcomes are usually expected and these outcomes are considered as the results of fixed, general and internal factors. Optimism also plays an important role in adapting to stressful events in life (Nasir, 2013).

    Since the role of psychological factors, especially the present research variables, has been proven in sports performance, and nowadays, sports psychologists are looking for psychological interventions to improve the psychological problems of athletes, therefore, the present research seeks to determine the relationship between the variables; Optimism is mental toughness and ways to deal with stress. By determining the relationship between mental toughness, ways to deal with stress and optimism, the changes of these variables will be predictable, and based on the results, the best suggestions for psychological interventions can be presented to coaches and sports psychologists. Situations under pressure and competition have been accepted as the most important factors for achieving success in sports performance (Hatami et al., 2013). Among the psychological factors, mental toughness is considered as one of the most important characteristics in achieving sports success (Sheard et al. [7], 2009), despite this, a comprehensive and uniform definition for this mental concept has not been provided. According to the definition of Gucciardi et al.According to the definition of Gucciardi et al.[8] (2008), mental toughness is: sets of general and specific values, attitudes, cognitions and emotions related to sports that are inherent and acquired and affect how a person approaches, responds and evaluates positive and negative pressures, challenges and adversities on the way to reaching the goal.

    Clough et al.[9] (2002) reported People who have high mental toughness, have a high sense of self-belief and firm faith, and they are in control of their destiny, these people are relatively not affected by competition and problems. On the other hand, Jones et al. (2002) stated that mental toughness increases people's ability to cope with training and competition needs, increasing willpower, focus, self-confidence, and maintaining control under pressure. Some words are conceptually close to mental toughness, and some can be considered a part of mental toughness. Jones et al.[10] (2007) showed that coping is also one of the key constructs of mental toughness. Coping refers to conscious cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage stressful situations (Nichols et al. [11], 2008). In championship sports, there is a lot of stress in athletes, which destroys their emotional balance in the long or short term (Ramazanejad et al., 2013), mental toughness enables a person to cope better with stress and cope with the special needs of sports competitions (Kadik and Rayal [12], 2012). Kushaba and Madi [13] (1999) stated that stubborn people use special approaches to deal with stressful situations.  However, little is known about the stress coping methods used by hardy athletes compared to non-hardy athletes. Researchers have considered mental toughness as a factor to deal with stressful events, they believe that people with high toughness actively react to stressful events and try to find a solution to deal with these situations (Histad [14], 2012).  Nichols and Pullman [15] (2007) stated that although there is a relationship between ways of coping with stress and mental toughness, little research has been done in this field. Another psychological construct that seems to be related to both mental toughness and coping is optimism [16] (Nichols et al., 2008). Optimism is defined as expecting good things to happen (Carver et al. [17], 2010). In a qualitative study, Gold et al. (2002) reported high levels of mental toughness, effective coping, and optimism among Olympic champions. Optimism, in this regard, is defined as "determining two different types of behavior: a) continuing to strive b) giving up or running away." Finally, optimism appears to be related to differences in stress coping methods. The results of a recent meta-analytic study showed that people who are more optimistic use more effective coping strategies against stress (Solbergnis and Sigirstr?m[19], 2006).

    Disabled athletes are always involved in many tensions throughout their lives, which always occupy their minds and in most cases their disability is questioned. So that with the smallest failure, they feel humiliated and become more disappointed and discouraged than before (Gilek et al., 2012).

    For this reason, knowing the psychological factors and their correlates that are effective in solving the problems and behavioral abnormalities of disabled athletes and taking action in the field of planning in order to correct and improve these factors is one of the most effective methods in preventing their mental disorders. comes (Aslankhani et al., 2018). In a research project, Pena et al.[20] (2004) by asking the question, do disabled athletes have higher mental toughness than healthy athletes? investigated this issue, their study showed that the mental toughness of disabled elite athletes is similar to healthy counterparts. Campbell and Jones [21] (2002) showed in a research that high levels of sports competition creates stressful conditions for disabled athletes, therefore disabled athletes need to know the factors that cause stress in sports competitions and use appropriate strategies to deal with it.  Accurate and more information about the factors affecting stress such as tenacity and optimism and selecting effective coping methods in disabled athletes is necessary to help these athletes.

  • Contents & References of The relationship between mental toughness, ways to cope with stress and optimism in Iranian sitting volleyball players

    List:

     

     

     

    Chapter One: General Research

    1-1) Introduction. 2

    1-2) statement of the problem. 3

    1-3) Necessity and importance of research. 5

    1-4) research objectives. 6

    1-5) research hypotheses. 6

    1-7) research assumptions. 7

    1-8) theoretical definitions. 7

    1-8-1) mental toughness. 7

    1-8-2) Ways to deal with stress. 7

    1-8-3) Optimism. 8

    1-9) operational definitions. 9

    1-9-1) mental toughness. 9

    1-9-2) ways to deal with stress. 9

    1-9-3) Optimism. 10

    Chapter Two: Theoretical Foundations and Research Background

    2-1) Introduction. 12

    2-2) The first part of theoretical foundations. 12

    2-2-1) Definition of mental toughness. 12

    2-2-2) Evolution of the concept and tools for measuring mental toughness. 16

    2-2-3) Details of the scales of the sports mental toughness questionnaire. 22

    2-2-4) characteristics of stubborn people. 24

    2-2-5) mental toughness and type of exercise. 31

    2-2-6) elite athletes versus university athletes. 32

    2-2-7) Gender differences in mental toughness. 32

    2-2-8) Stress in athletes. 33

    2-2-9) theoretical models of dealing with stress. 36

    2-2-10) Methods of coping with stress. 47

    2-2-11) Methods of dealing with stress in athletes. 50

    2-2-12) Cultural and individual differences in dealing with stress. 53

    2-2-13) Optimism. 53

    2-2-14) Evaluation of optimism: 54

    2-2-15) Optimism approaches. 55

    16-2-2) Components and components of optimism. 57

    2-2-17) The origin of optimism (hereditary or acquired) 58

    2-2-18) The key characteristics of optimism and pessimism. 59

    2-2-19) Optimism and ways to deal with stress. 61

    2-2-20) mental toughness and coping with stress. 62

    2-2-21) Optimism and mental toughness. 63

    2-3) internal and external research. 63

    2-3-1) Internal investigations. 63

    2-3-2) Foreign research. 65

    Chapter Three: Research Methodology

    3-1) Introduction. 70

    3-2) research method. 70

    3-3) Society and the statistical sample of the research. 70

    3-4) research variables. 70

    3-5) measurement tools or practical methods of data collection 70

    3-5-1) General information questionnaire. 70

    Table 3-1. The number of each question on ways to deal with stress. 72

    3-6) Research implementation method. 73

    3-7) Findings analysis method 73

    Chapter four: Information analysis

    4-1) Introduction. 75

    4-2) First part - Descriptive statistics. 75

    4-3) Second part - inferential statistics. 77

    Chapter Five: Discussion and Conclusion

    5-1) Introduction. 87

    5-2) Research summary. 87

    5-3) discussion and conclusion. 88

    5-4) research limitations. 94

    5-5) research proposals. 95

    5-5-1) Practical proposals. 95

    5-5-2) Research proposals. 95

    sources

    Persian sources. 97

    Latin sources. 99

    Appendixes

    Appendix 1. 105

    Appendix 2. 106

     

    Source:

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    Aslankhani, Mohammad Ali; Abdoli, Behrouz; Zamani Sani, Seyyed Hojat; Fathi Rezaei, Zahra.(2008). Emotional Intelligence in Disabled Athletes, Iranian Psychologists Quarterly, 21, 24-15.

    Afzali, Azam.(2008). Examining the relationship between optimism and psychological well-being and coping styles in students. Master's thesis, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran.

    Bagheri, Suleiman; Gharai, Iqbal. (2011). Comparison of mental toughness between beginner and skilled wrestlers and its correlation with some individual and training variables. The first wrestling science conference, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran.

    Bashart, Mohammad Ali. (2008). Investigating the psychometric properties of the sports stress coping styles scale, Olympic Quarterly, No. 3, 105-95.

    Balighi, Rehane (2010). Investigating stress management methods in athletes of different sports teams, master's thesis. Gilan University.

    Tavakoli, Mahin. (1377). The effect of stress coping methods on students' mental healthThe effect of coping with stress on mental health in high school students in Tehran. Master's thesis of Tehran University. Hatami, Farzaneh; Hatami Shah Mir, Elham; Adibpour, Nahid; Tahmasabi, Farshid. (2012) The relationship between mental toughness and physical fitness in female students. Sports Psychology Studies, 2, 64-53.

    Hosseinzadeh Mahdavi, Masoumeh (2007). Investigating the effectiveness of teaching positive thinking and optimism skills with a cognitive-behavioral approach in a group manner on the mental health of high school girls, master's thesis, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran.

    Hosseinian, Simin; Ghasemzadeh, oath. (2006). The effectiveness of teaching skills to deal with stress and negative emotions on the anxiety of physical fitness champions, International Congress of Applied Psychology in Championship Sports, National Olympic Committee, 41-48. The relationship between emotional and spiritual intelligence and ways to cope with stress in volleyball athletes, Master's thesis of Karaj Azad University of Science and Research, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. Yelfani, Ali; Shabani Bahar, Gholamreza. (2016). Examining the sources used by skilled and unskilled athletes in self-evaluation, International Congress of Applied Psychology in Championship Sports, National Olympic Committee. 75. Khodayari Fard, Mohammad et al.  The relationship between emotional intelligence and social support with life satisfaction in high school students of Buinzahra city, master's thesis, faculty of psychology and educational sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Tehran.

    Davari, Rahim. (2016). The relationship between creativity and emotional intelligence with coping styles with stress. The second national conference on psychology and society, Islamic Azad University, Roudhen branch.

    Radi, Hossein; Mashaikhi, Samaneh; Nouri, Najibullah. (2012). Investigating the relationship between Islamic optimism, depression and stress coping styles in students. Religion Psychology, 6(1), 44-29.

    Ramazanejad, Rahim; Panahi, dowry; Rihani, Mohammad. (2017). Comparison of methods of coping with stress in individual sportsmen of Iran's national teams. Olympic Quarterly, No. 2, 169-155.

    Zamardi, Saeeda. (2016). Investigating the relationship between optimism and cortisol secretion levels in male and female students of Allameh Tabatabai University in Tehran. Master's thesis, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran.

    Taati, Fatemeh; sugar, hope; Shahidi, Shahriar. (2012). The mediating role of optimism in the relationship between stressful academic experiences and reactions to these experiences. Contemporary Psychology, 8(1), 73-90.

    Arab Alidosti, Fatemeh (1385). Comparison of coping and coping styles in patients with active dyspepsia and peptic ulcer patients and healthy people. Master's Thesis. Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran.

    Ghorbani, Zohra. (2007). Investigating the relationship between personality traits and the level of optimism of parents and the level of optimism of their teenage children. Master's thesis, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran. Comparison of mental toughness of male and female contact and non-contact individual athletes at different skill levels. Master's thesis, University of Tehran. Keshavarzi, Mohammad Ali; Aryapuran, Saeed. (2009). The role of coping strategies in predicting cognitive-physical anxiety and self-confidence of individual and team athletes. Scientific Research Quarterly of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, No. 2, 141-133.

    Gilak, Maliha, Mohammadi, Alizadeh, Bagheri, Fariborz. (2012). The relationship between resilience and self-concept with self-efficacy of physically disabled girls: the mediating role of creativity, Psychology of Transformation: Iranian Psychologists, 39, 315-307.

    Moradi, Assoud. (2017). Examining and comparing the relationship between job burnout and stress coping strategies in male and female counselors of secondary schools and pre-university centers in Kermanshah. Master's thesis. Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran. Tagvi, Seyyed Mohammad Reza. (2004). Optimism-pessimism and coping strategies: prediction of psychological adjustment in teenagers.

    Nasri, Sadegh. Comprehensive assessment of psychological preparations of athletes sent to the Beijing 2008 Olympic and Paralympic Games and effective psychological intervention.

The relationship between mental toughness, ways to cope with stress and optimism in Iranian sitting volleyball players
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