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  3. Comparison of the effect of eight weeks of continuous and periodic resistance training on urea protein in active young men

Comparison of the effect of eight weeks of continuous and periodic resistance training on urea protein in active young men

Number of pages: 138 File Format: word File Code: 31654
Year: 2013 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Physical Education - Sports
Tags/Keywords: Continuous and intermittent exercise - physical exercises - protein - Protein excretion - Resistance training - Urea protein - Urinary creatinine
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  • Summary of Comparison of the effect of eight weeks of continuous and periodic resistance training on urea protein in active young men

    Dissertation for receiving a Master's degree (M.A)

    Tension: Sports Physiology

    Abstract

    Due to the lack of researches in the field of the effect of various types of exercises The purpose of this study was to compare the acute and chronic effects of two types of continuous and intermittent resistance training on proteinuria at rest and in response to exercise in active young men. For this purpose, 21 men in this study were randomly divided into three groups of continuous training, intermittent training and control. Two experimental groups participated in 8 weeks of incremental resistance training. Before, immediately after and one hour after the first test (48 hours before the start of the exercises) and the final test (48 hours after the end of the exercises), urine samples were taken from the subjects. Urine samples were taken from the control group only at the beginning and end of the 8-week period. For each sample, albumin, total protein, beta2 microglobulin, creatinine and the ratio of protein to creatinine were measured and calculated. In order to examine the changes of the studied variables in both continuous and periodic groups, the analysis of variance test with repeated measurements was used. In order to compare between the continuous training group and the intermittent training group, in the pre-activity phase due to the presence of the control group, the independent one-way analysis of variance test was used, and in the immediate post-activity phase and two hours after the activity, the independent T-test was used. In order to ensure that there were no changes in the studied variables in the control group, the paired T-test was used. The results showed that 8 weeks of continuous and intermittent resistance training - both - increases glomerular and tubular proteinuria - both - in active young men. On the other hand, in the comparison between continuous and intermittent resistance training, no significant difference was observed in the increase of urinary protein excretion. However, the ratio of urinary protein to creatinine in both continuous and intermittent groups showed no significant change in resting values ??and values ??in response to exercise after 8 weeks of training. It seems that resistance exercises, whether continuous or periodic, increase the pressure on the kidneys and urinary excretion of protein, probably the protein accumulation after them cannot limit the activity and is different from pathological conditions. However, annual medical examinations are necessary.

    Key words: proteinuria, urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio, continuous and intermittent training, resistance training

    Chapter One

    (general research)

    1.1. Introduction

    Numerous researches that are conducted every year in different countries of the world, in the field of sports physiology and its sub-branches including sports nephrology, open new windows of science and knowledge on the unknown frontiers of this science. Physical activity and exercise are associated with physiological adaptations. It is very important and significant to recognize and investigate these mechanisms, especially in the renal system, which plays an important role in the vital reactions of the body, because as a result of performing various sports activities and exercises, hormones undergo various changes, and knowing these changes is effective in interpreting the physiological mechanisms of the body. It falls and is more common in intense activities. It is a mild and reversible process that is not associated with clinical symptoms. The excretion of proteins in the urine after sports activities is a well-known phenomenon. Heavy proteins do not pass through the glomerular wall and are present in urine in small amounts, but in glomerular lesions, their amount increases in urine, which is called glomerular proteinuria (Esmaili et al., 2018, Kordi, 2014, Carroll and Tempt, 2000, Chapman et al., 1948). Light proteins pass through the glomerular wall, but due to the tubular reabsorption process, they are also present in small amounts in the urine (Kurdi, 2014, Ismaili et al., 2018, Chapman et al., 1948, Peterson et al., 1969, Carroll and Tempt, 2000, Kreith et al.Light proteins pass through the glomerular wall, but due to the process of tubular reabsorption, they also exist in small amounts in the urine (Kurdi, 1374, Esmaili et al., 1388, Chapman et al., 1948, Patterson et al., 1969, Carroll and Tempt, 2000, Kreith et al., 1963), and their amount is also increased in the urine in disorders where tubular reabsorption is limited, which leads to It is called tubular protein synthesis (Esmaili et al., 2018, Kordi, 2014, Carroll and Tempt, 2000, Chapman et al., 1948). Protein excretion in urine increases after intense physical activities (Esmaili et al., 2008 and Kakar et al., 2008). Urinary disorders caused by sports activities were first reported in 1878 with the report of proteinuria in soldiers who had intense physical activity (Waber, 1878). These exercises, which consist of various types such as concentric, eccentric, isometric and even continuous and periodic, cause physiological changes and adaptations, one of the most obvious of which can be manifested in the kidney system. Following muscle damage caused by resistance training or independent of it, protein excretion from urine can change, which is very important to interpret their changes in the light of physiological responses caused by exercise. Although researches in this field are expanding, but the physiological role of many of these factors and the response and adaptation resulting from exercise in them are still unknown. Measuring protein excretion in urine after exercise and physical activity following various training programs can help to better understand the acute and chronic effects of resistance training. The results of this research can provide researchers with a new perspective on the factors affecting physiological adaptations following resistance training and open a new way for researchers. Hoping that the results of this research will provide the necessary answers to some of the questions of researchers, trainers, physical education teachers and athletes in the field of acute and chronic effects of two types of continuous and intermittent resistance training on protein synthesis.

    2.1. Statement of the problem

    What is certain is that physical activities and exercises affect different body systems and cause these systems to adapt to the specific needs of the organism during physical activity and work. Muscles, heart and blood circulation, respiratory system and kidneys are among the systems that changes in the way they work due to physical activity. In the meantime, it is important to know this effect as well as their controlling mechanisms for planning and adjusting training programs and the type of sports activity (Fox and Mathews, 2018). In addition to their beneficial benefits, sports activities and competitions cause a temporary disruption of homeostasis due to their stressful nature, which may have destructive effects if the principles of exercise science are not followed. Such as bone joint damage, respiratory tract infections, excretion of protein and blood in urine, etc.

    As stated, following muscle injuries caused by resistance training or independent of it, protein excretion in urine can change. Excretion of protein in the urine increases after intense activities, and one of the factors of kidney destruction is excessive excretion of protein and blood through urine. Physical training causes major changes in kidney function and protein content of urine, so the excretion of proteins from the urine of athletes is a well-known phenomenon (Portmans et al., 1991). The increase in excretion of proteins from the urine following physical activity is a transient and unstable phenomenon and has nothing to do with pathological conditions. The mechanisms responsible for this process in healthy people are not yet fully known and need a lot of research (Mitelman et al., 1992). However, changes in the permeability of the glomerular membrane to proteins (Portmans et al., 1988), changes in renal hemodynamics, and a decrease in the reabsorption of proteins by the primary tubules during exercise (Portmans, 1988) are among the factors that increase protein excretion. These changes are different in people participating in different sports and depend a lot on the intensity of training. Thus, during short-term and long-term intense exercises, protein urinary excretion is a combination of glomerular-tubular type (Boileau et al., 1980) and on the other hand, moderate-intensity exercises in healthy people cause glomerular protein urinary excretion, especially albumin (Portmans, 1985).

  • Contents & References of Comparison of the effect of eight weeks of continuous and periodic resistance training on urea protein in active young men

    List:

    Chapter One: General Design

    1.1. Introduction. 3

    2.1. statement of the problem 4

    3.1. The importance and necessity of research. 5

    4.1. Objectives of the research. 7

    1.4.1. general purpose 7

    2.4.1. Specific goals. 7

    5.1. Research hypotheses. 7

    6.1. Presuppositions of research. 7

    7.1. Research limitations. 8

    8.1. Definitions of terms and words. 8

    1.8.1. Urinary excretion of protein. 8

    2.8.1. Albumin. 8

    3.8.1. Total protein. 8

    4.8.1.  Beta2 microglobulin. 9

    5.8.1. Creatinine 9

    6.8.1. Protein to creatinine ratio. 9

    7.8.1. One repetition maximum (1RM) 9

    8.8.1. An activity with 20% of a maximum repetition. 10

    9.8.1. Active young men. 10

    Chapter Two: Theoretical foundations and research background

    1.2. Introduction. 12

    2.2. Theoretical foundations. 12

    1.2.2. Nephron structure and function. 12

    2.2.2. Structure and function of glomerulus. 13

    3.2.2. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 15

    4.2.2. Characteristics of glomerular filters. 16

    5.2.2. Material filtration capability. 16

    6.2.2. Tubule structure and function. 17

    7.2.2. Proteinuria. 18

    8.2.2. Types of protein. 19

    9.2.2. Glomerular protein accumulation versus tubular protein accumulation 20

    10.2.2. Physiological factors of protein excretion from urine. 21

    11.2.2. The effect of exercise on renal physiology. 22

    12.2.2. Sports protein intake. 23

    13.2.2. The mechanism of protein accumulation in sports. 24

    14.2.2. Proteins. 25

    15.2.2. Total protein. 25

    16.2.2. Albumin. 25

    17.2.2. Globulins. 25

    18.2.2. Beta2 microglobulin. 25

    19.2.2. Creatinine 26

    20.2.2. Protein to creatinine ratio. 26

    3.2. Research background. 26

    The third chapter: research methodology

    1.3. Introduction. 36

    2.3. Research method. 36

    3.3. Society and a statistical sample. 36

    4.3. Research variables. 36

    1.4.3. independent variables. 36

    2.4.3. Dependent variables. 37

    5.3. Method of collecting information. 37

    6.3. Exercise program. 37

    7.3. Urine sampling. 39

    8.3. Research tool. 39

    9.3. Urinary albumin measurement method. 39

    10.3. Total urinary protein measurement method. 39

    11.3. Method for measuring urinary beta2 microglobulin. 40

    12.3. Urinary creatinine measurement method. 40

    13.3. The method of calculating the ratio of urinary protein to creatinine. 40

    14.3. Statistical methods. 40

     

    Chapter Four: Statistical Analysis

    1.4. Introduction. 42

    2.4. Descriptive statistics. 42

    1.2.4. Description of subjects. 42

    2.2.4. Description of urinary albumin. 43

    3.2.4. Description of total urinary protein. 44

    4.2.4. Description of urinary beta2 microglobulin. 45

    5.2.4. Description of urinary creatinine. 46

    6.2.4. Description of urinary protein to creatinine ratio. 47

    3.4. Inferential statistics. 48

    1.3.4. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. 48

    2.3.4. Test of hypotheses. 49

     

     

    Chapter Five: Discussion and Conclusion

    1.5. Introduction. 69

    2.5. Discussion and interpretation. 69

    3.5. conclusion 77

    4.5. Suggestions from the research. 78

    5.5. Suggestions for future research. 78

     

    Resources. 79

     

    English abstract

    Source:

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    Ismaili, Roghieh Azarbaijani, Mohammad Ali. Vaez Mousavi, Mohammad Kazem. (2008) The effect of one round of parade practice on the amount of urinary protein of students of the University of Police Sciences, master's thesis. University of Police Sciences.

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    Shahidi, Mohsen. (1373) Investigating and comparing the urinary excretion of total protein-beta-microglobulin-creatinine, sodium and potassium following activities of 75% and 90% of maximum aerobic capacity in male athletes, master's thesis, University of Tehran.

    Alijani, Eidi., Khodayari, Behrouz., 2018., The effect of sprint and endurance running on hematuria and proteinuria in male runners, 2015-18 Year., Sports Science Quarterly, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch., First Year., Number 1., Fall 2018., 29-45.

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Comparison of the effect of eight weeks of continuous and periodic resistance training on urea protein in active young men
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