The effect of two types of one-session training with light and high intensities on the functional indicators of the liver of male athletes

Dissertation for Master's Degree

Exercise Physiology

Dissertation Abstract:

Research Objective: The effect of two types of one-session exercise with light and high intensities on the functional indicators of the liver of male athletes.

Methodology: This research is an applied-semi-experimental research that was carried out with a one-session test design with two experimental groups. For this purpose, 16 healthy athletes with an age range of 18-25 years. The students were randomly divided into two groups: light exercise (8 people) and intense exercise (8 people). Light exercise on the exercise bike for 30 minutes with 57% of the maximum heart rate, which is equal to 114 ± 14 beats per minute. And 30 minutes later, the exercise was done.

Research results: It showed that the amount of hemoglobin and ALP increased, and the difference between the groups was significant (p < 0.05). Also, the amount of Tb, Db, ALT and AST increased, and the difference between the groups was not significant (p>

Conclusion: The results of the present research state that performing a continuous exercise phase with light and high intensity for 30 minutes In athletes, it led to an increase in liver indices, which is directly related to the increase in exercise intensity.

Keywords:

1. Maximum heart rate

2. Hemoglobin

3. Bilirubin

4. Aspartate aminotransferase

5. Alanine aminotransferase

6.Alkaline phosphatase

Introduction

Health and longevity have always been of concern to humans, and the role of exercise and movement is also obvious in this (1). In the past years, the effect of exercise on different systems and organs of the body has been investigated and its positive effect on the heart and respiratory, nervous, muscular and skeletal systems has been proven(2). The liver is also one of the main and large organs of the body that performs important functions (3), but it has received less attention than other organs. Today, one of the controversial issues is the effect of exercise on liver function. In normal conditions, the liver and kidneys receive 22 and 27%, respectively, almost half of the amount of circulating blood, while in the state of rest and exercise, 15 and 80% of circulating blood are received by skeletal muscles. As a result, during heavy training, the blood flow of the liver and kidneys decreases to 5 and 3% (4), this decrease in liver blood flow reduces the activity of the Cori cycle and lactate accumulates in the blood (5). Long-term reduction of blood flow to the liver and kidneys may have harmful consequences, of which the fatigue observed due to continuous submaximal activities is a part of it. In liver cell damage, in addition to the yellowing of plasma and skin caused by the accumulation of bilirubin, the activity levels of alanine aminotransferase [1], aspartate aminotransferase [2], alkaline phosphatase [3] and gammaglutamyl transferase [4] also increase. The activity levels of these enzymes are considered as signs of liver, myocardial and skeletal muscle necrosis (6). Acute liver cell damage (parenchymal disease) can be seen in liver diseases caused by viral hepatitis, alcohol, drugs, poison, shock or metabolic liver diseases and hypoxia. In most of these cases, there is parenchymal cell necrosis (7). Bilirubin is the final product of hemoglobin breakdown, which is an important determinant of hemolytic blood diseases and various types of liver diseases (9). 

Statement of the problem

Where the liver performs important actions such as blood filtration, metabolic, secretory and excretory actions (3) and also due to the reduction of liver blood flow during exercise (4), liver cell ischemia and hypoxia may occur during exercise and ultimately acute liver failure. There is also a decrease in hemoglobin and the occurrence of some signs of hemolysis, such as changes in serum bilirubin in exercise situations (11, 10). Bilirubin is the final product of hemoglobin decomposition, which can be used as a good criterion for diagnosing hemolytic blood diseases and various types of liver diseases (9). Also, the increase in ALT and AST enzymes can be a reflection of the immunological response to liver cell damage. The onset of liver failure is usually characterized by a decrease in the amount of albumin and an increase in blood bilirubin (10).

Recently, it has been reported that light exercise has positive effects for hepatitis patients, as well as a regular 6-week physical exercise program on abnormal liver function.

Recently, it has been reported that light exercise has positive effects for hepatitis patients, and regular physical exercise program under the maximum of 6 weeks has not had a bad effect on the abnormal liver function of students with hepatitis B (19). Also, the research that was taken from the blood sample one day after the marathon race showed that the concentration of AST and bilirubin increased by 1.4 times and urea by 1.3 times (19 and 25). Also, in past researches, after exercises such as a marathon race (25) and 30 minutes of running on a treadmill with 80% of oxygen consumption (14) led to an increase in the functional indices of the liver, and in contrast to exercises such as 20 minutes of bicycle exercise with 70% of the maximum oxygen consumption (47) and 60 minutes of bicycle exercise with 70% of the maximum heart rate (21) led to a decrease in the above indicators, so in this research, the comparison of the effect of intensity Different exercises are discussed with each other. Studies have been conducted on the effect of exercise on liver enzymes. The results of this research indicate that regular and light to moderate exercises reduce enzyme activity and disease symptoms in people (57) and long-term exercises can increase liver enzymes (58). Suzuki et al. (2005) have shown that weight loss and regular exercise significantly decrease serum ALT, while smoking increases this enzyme (59). Eskandari et al. (2006) found that liver and muscle damage following a continuous 246 km running race increases serum AST and ALT, which is caused by long-term training (60). Kratz et al. (2002) investigated the effects of marathon running on biochemical and hematological parameters. Blood samples were obtained before, 4 and 24 hours after the race. The results showed that serum AST and ALT activity increased after the race (61). Mirdar et al.(2013) in a study that investigated the effect of a dual training program for one week on some ALT and AST enzymes in active girls, they concluded that AST values ??gradually increased significantly with the increase in the number of sessions and ALT values ??also showed a significant increase 24 hours after the first, third and sixth days of training(56). Aerobics on their liver still has many questions that require further study. In addition, these studies have focused on the acute effects of an activity or competition and have not examined and evaluated different training patterns with different intensities despite the wide range of variables in training planning. Based on this, this research seeks to find the answer to this question in order to investigate the effect of two types of one-session training with light and high intensity on the functional indicators of the liver of male athletes. Necessity and importance of research: In designing the training program of athletes, it is necessary to identify the physiological needs of different sports disciplines, as well as to know the appropriate and effective training methods to improve the determining factors (62). For the development of endurance, especially during the competitive stage, a training plan with different intensities can have a significant training effect (63). However, no precise information is available about the optimal training program. The optimal level of training depends on the intensity of the activity, the type of activity, the number of training sessions, the duration of the return to the initial state and the number of repetitions per week (62, 64). If the number of repetitions is proportional to the overload and the rest time, it can lead to the maximum growth of training ability in the athlete (63), but the lack of fit between intense training with the amount of training and the rest time may lead to the athlete's weakness and fatigue (63) and also because of the close relationship between fatigue and period. Recovery, rest between exercises and turns are very important in researches (65). Athletes' fatigue may increase membrane permeability and subsequently increase serum enzyme levels (66). Knowing the ways and how to produce the necessary energy to do physical work makes a person delay the occurrence of fatigue while understanding the factors that cause fatigue (67). The research background in this field indicates that the liver plays a central role in many basic physiological processes, including sugar regulation, plasma protein and lipid synthesis, as well as bile acid synthesis and secretion and storage of vitamins (B12, A, D, E and K) (68). Some reports have investigated the effect of exercise on the liver, which is the largest internal organ of the body (69,58).