Investigating the effect of three simultaneous training methods on anthropometric indicators and health of middle-aged men

Academic thesis for obtaining a master's degree

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of three simultaneous training methods on anthropometric indicators. And the health of men was middle-aged. For this purpose, in the current study, 30 middle-aged men with an average age of (45.2±5.7 years) were placed in three groups [1] aerobic, [2] resistance and [3] combined. A 6-week training program was considered for each group, the aerobic group started walking and running three sessions a week and about 60 minutes per session with 60% heart rate and finished with 75% heart rate. The resistance group did their exercises in 8 stations, and to determine the training weight of each subject, a maximum repetition test was taken from the subjects. The combined group did 30 minutes of aerobic exercise and 30 minutes of resistance exercise. At the beginning and end of the exercise program, the anthropometric and physiological characteristics (height, weight, skin fat, blood pressure, heart rate, maximum oxygen consumption) of people were recorded. The findings showed that all three training programs caused a significant decrease in the weight of middle-aged men, but there was no significant difference between the three groups. Also, aerobic and combined training programs have reduced the body mass index, but it has not changed in the resistance group. As a result of all three exercise programs, there was no difference in waist-to-hip ratio. All three exercise programs decreased the lean mass of middle-aged men, but the difference between the three groups was not significant. In the aerobic and resistance group, a decrease in fat percentage was observed, but no change was observed in the combined group, and the changes between the three groups were significant.  There was no significant difference in diastolic blood pressure as a result of three exercise programs. A decrease in systolic blood pressure was observed in the resistance and combination groups, but no difference was observed in the aerobic group. All three exercise programs decreased the heart rate of middle-aged men. Also, the differences between the three groups were significant. Also, due to the three exercise programs, no difference was observed in the maximum oxygen consumption of middle-aged men. As a result, the overall effect of the exercises in the combined group was more than the other two groups.                                                    

Chapter One

Research Plan

1-1 Introduction

One ??of the consequences of aging is the reduction of daily activity and getting used to an inactive lifestyle. A sedentary lifestyle is an independent factor that threatens chronic health problems and decreases the quality of life, including cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome of diabetes, musculoskeletal diseases, and some cancers. Meanwhile, the phenomenon of overweight and obesity is one of the most important concerns related to the health and wellness of the human society (1, 12).  This process is the ability to perform daily activities such as walking, climbing stairs and so on. limits (13). The decrease in cardiovascular function due to aging is characterized by anatomical and neurological changes, the consequence of which is a decrease in cardiac capacity and, as a result, a decrease in aerobic exercise capacity. From early old age, aerobic activity capacity decreases by 7 to 10 percent (13). In comparison with the reduction of cardiorespiratory capacity, the reduction of related muscle power has a significant impact on daily performance. Age-related decline in muscle strength occurs earlier and its amount is greater in the lower limbs than in the upper limbs (13, 14). 

According to scientific evidence, the spread of activities such as cycling, swimming, and running decreases with age, and in contrast to the tendency to walk, which is the most common form of physical activity and can be implemented with the fewest obstacles at any place and time, more attention is paid. Studies in this section show the impact of the walking pattern on anthropometric factors, including improving body composition (1,12)..

Today, adding resistance exercises to endurance exercises is increasing in health goals, and this is because resistance exercise is considered key to weight control and general health (17). The peak of fat-free mass in the fourth decade of life decreases with age. This decrease in muscle mass is accompanied by weakness, disability and complications. In contrast, body weight increases. Up to the age of 60 and after that, 60% of the population is facing a loss of fat-free weight. Therefore, the accumulation of fat mass occurs in the middle of the year (11). The important point of aging is the stability of the neuromuscular system and the maintenance of the capacity to adapt in response to the stimuli of the exercise program. It is well proven that the elderly may increase muscle strength (maximal strength) through resistance supplemental programs and diet support. Therefore, in elderly people, performing resistance training programs to combat the significant decrease in muscle strength to improve and maintain functional capacity has been shortened (25).  Human muscle strength, which can be defined as the capacity to produce the maximum force of a person, shows a slow and imperceptible decrease between the second and third decade, at the age of 50 and after that, the strength starts to decrease. style="direction: rtl;"> 

Statement of the problem

One ??of the most recent problems that has worried the world community is how to provide health care for the elderly (16).  The progress of the industry has reduced physical activity to a minimum during the last several years, which has also brought many problems.  One of these problems is obesity and the reduction of cardiovascular and respiratory efficiency, which many people are dealing with today (18).

Awareness of different training methods, especially in the vital organs of the body such as the heart and breathing, and the physiological adaptation in these organs, as well as the factors affecting this adaptation are among the things that coaches and athletes should pay attention to in designing training programs. Several studies show that there is compatibility between all types of sports exercises and the members of the cardiovascular system (19). Researches based on epidemiological studies have shown that factors such as consumption of high-fat foods, high body mass index, high age, obesity, smoking, and physical activity level are related to high blood pressure, and continuous physical activity is related to blood lipids, lower back pain, and also positive psychological effects (3).

In the past, it was believed that only exercise at a young age helps to increase endurance in old age, while recent research shows Exercise is beneficial for any person at any age (32). Although physical ability decreases with age, it is possible to reduce physiological regression and stagnation by 50% by performing physical activity and continuous training (11). Exercise also maintains and strengthens muscle strength, stability and balance (11). The study of Roud[4] in 1993 and Noorhabashi in 2016 showed that active people are superior in terms of skin fat compared to their sedentary counterparts (8).

- 25 years concluded that regular physical activity reduces body fat of people. In his study, Masoumi concluded that the selected training program has a significant effect on physiological capacities and reducing body fat percentage and fat weight, but its effect on fat-free weight was not significant. The results of Skinner's study [6] in 2005 showed a significant difference in terms of blood pressure, heart rate during rest and recovery, in addition, subcutaneous fat was reduced with 5 days of training per week (18). Elseifer [7] et al. Moderate-intensity physical activity is prescribed for 5 or more days of the week or 20 minutes of vigorous physical activity for 3 or more days of the week. This factor is significant due to the inverse relationship between physical activity level and body mass index.