Master Thesis
Abstract
Education as one of the social institutions has an important role and place in society. The starting point of the analysis of the sociology of education is the social study of the school influenced by Parsons' theories. Parsons' model of the four functions of the social system provides a suitable context (from a sociological point of view) for the analysis of the productivity of the human resources of schools as well as physical education teachers. Examples of the four components of Parsons for the productivity of human resources in education and training include innovation, organizational commitment, job satisfaction and organizational health. The main goal of this research is to sociologically investigate the productivity of physical education teachers in Kerman. The current research is a descriptive, correlational type that was carried out by the field method. In this research, the statistical sample (194 people) was considered equal to the statistical population as a whole. Data collection tools were Hoy and Feldman's organizational health questionnaire (1996), Etlai and Akif's innovation questionnaire (1982), Brayfield and Roth's job satisfaction questionnaire (1951) and Muday, Porter and Steers' organizational commitment questionnaire (1962) on a five-point Likert scale. After confirming the validity by expert professors, the reliability of the research tool was calculated using Cronbach's alpha method equal to 86% of the organizational health questionnaire, 79% of the innovation questionnaire, 84% of the job satisfaction questionnaire and 87% of the organizational commitment questionnaire. From the descriptive statistics to describe the research variables, and in the inferential statistics section to test the research hypotheses, one-sample T, Mann-Whitney, two-sample T, Binomial, one-way variance and Kruskal-Wallis tests were examined. The results show that 65% of the participants have a medium and high level of productivity, the components of adaptation (innovation), goal achievement (organizational commitment) and unity (job satisfaction) are more effective than average in the productivity of physical education teachers in Kerman, although a difference in the productivity of male and female teachers has been observed in favor of female teachers, and there is also a difference between the productivity of teachers of three levels of education (primary, first secondary, second secondary). There is none.
Key words: productivity, physical education teachers, Parsons functionalism theory, innovation, organizational commitment, organizational health, job satisfaction.
Organization[1] is a social phenomenon that is consciously coordinated and has relatively specific limits and operates based on a series of permanent foundations to achieve a goal or goals (Abtahi, 2010) Organizations: 1- They are social institutions 2- They are goal-based 3- Their structure is consciously planned and have active and coordinated systems, and finally 4- With external environment are related (Ahmadi, 2018). Organization, in general sense, consists of regular relationships of people who have different duties under different hierarchies; But they cooperate to achieve a common goal. Several definitions of the organization have been presented, most of which mention the relationships between individuals in performing tasks and rationalizing collective affairs to achieve a common goal. Among other things, the organization can be defined as follows: the organization is a series of regular and rational relationships between people who perform complex and numerous tasks and their frequency is so much that they cannot be in close contact with each other, it is established in order to achieve certain common goals (Stoner, 1375). They are responsible for the official of the people of the society and also as the supplier of human resources of other organizations, they are of special importance. In this regard, schools and schools, as the basic pillar of formal education, try to fulfill the goals of education. Educational organizations of every society and schools, like other organizations, pay special attention to it so that they can realize the goals of their organizations (Hoy, 1985). According to this opinion, the productivity of educational organizations and schools, which are the suppliers of human resources for other organizations in the society, is of great importance, and this can only be achieved by achieving the productivity of human resources.According to this opinion, the productivity of educational organizations and schools, which themselves supply human resources to other organizations in society, is of great importance, and this can only be achieved by achieving the productivity of human resources of these organizations.
Effectiveness[2], productivity[3], efficiency[4] are issues that have attracted the attention of organizational theorists and have been the subject of management and design research for more than several decades. organizations. (Goodman, 1977).
According to the society's value system, the productivity of human resources [5] is the most important and influential factor in increasing the productivity of the organization (Shirazi, 2012). Employee productivity is one of the factors that determine the cost structure and efficiency of an organization. The more productive an employee is, the lower the cost per unit is (Khodadadi, 2015). will be The productivity of human resources has become an important issue in each of the organizations, so the survival and life of organizations depends on this important issue (Kazemi, 2019).
Human resources as the main factor in service production and management have a decisive role in productivity. Any approach to improving organizational productivity should include personnel matters; Because it is the human resources of the organizations that do the work. The productivity of human resources is considered one of the most fundamental prerequisites of organizational productivity, and any effort to improve the productivity of the organization is meaningless without the productivity of the employees (Vaazi, 1375). The reason is that he is the only person who can improve the quantity and quality of his work, present new plans and overcome problems with his creativity, and in fact he is the only factor who can create changes in himself and the work environment around him. Many experts believe that due to the characteristics of government organizations, the challenge of productivity and especially specialists in these organizations is greater. According to Epstein[6], the special nature of many government organizations and the work they do has added to the problems of managing specialists in these organizations; Because, traditionally, many government organizations are pyramidal and multi-layered bureaucracies that limit the degree of independence of their employees, and this is contrary to the needs of professionals in enjoying independence (Pritchard, 2003). The importance of the issue of productivity has caused the productivity of human resources to be noticed more and more, and the optimal use of the thinking power and individual skills of employees has helped organizations in achieving their goals. Almost all thinkers agree on this matter that human resources form the wealth of nations and capital and natural resources are secondary factors of production; One of the most valuable resources that can contribute more to the organization's productivity is human resources. The way human resources use their skills, talents and abilities determines the level of productivity; Also, a country that cannot develop the skills and knowledge of its people is not able to develop anything else (Tardaro, 1364).
The sources state that the word "productivity" was used for the first time by the French mathematician and economist Francois Canet. "Kane" considered the authority of any government dependent on the increase of productivity in the agricultural sector by planning the economic table. Perhaps, the word productivity was officially and seriously mentioned for the first time in an article by a person named Quisney [7] in 1776 AD. After a century, i.e. in 1883, as stated in Larvus dictionary, a person named Liter [8] defined productivity as follows: productivity is the knowledge and technique of production. With the beginning of the scientific management movement in the early 1900s, Frederick Winslow, Taylor, Frank, and Lillian Gilbraith conducted studies on division of labor, improving methods, and determining standard time in order to increase the efficiency of workers. In the same year, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) [9] has provided a more complete definition of productivity in the following way, in the way that productivity is one of the factors of production outside the efficiency of work. Actually, productivity is a firm belief in human progress.