Investigating the effect of six weeks of training and three weeks of no training on the aerobic and anaerobic capacity of Sari futsal referees

Dissertation for Master's Degree in Physical Education

Major: Sports Physiology

Abstract

This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of six weeks of training and three weeks of no training on the aerobic and anaerobic capacity of futsal referees in Sari city. The research method was quasi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design with experimental and control groups. The statistical population included all the futsal referees of Sari city in 2013, in the number of 30 people, who were selected in a purposeful and available manner and from among the volunteers, 20 futsal referees were selected and randomly divided into two experimental (ten people) and control (ten people) groups. In the experimental group, the average age, weight, and height were 28.30 ± 2.31 years, 85.20 ± 3.12 kg, and 182.60 ± 3.20 cm, respectively, and in the control group, they were 28.70 ± 1.49 years, 86.80 ± 1.55 kg, and 183.60 ± 2.63 cm, respectively. Covariance analysis test showed that six weeks of training increased aerobic capacity (maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max)) and three weeks of non-training decreased aerobic capacity. Also, six weeks of training increased anaerobic power (variables of peak power output (PPO) and average power output (MPO)) and three weeks of non-training decreased anaerobic power.

Key words: training, non-training, aerobic power, anaerobic power.

Chapter 1

General Research

1-1. Introduction

    Physical training and sports are equal to the birth of man and his life. According to the law of nature, every living thing survives in the shadow of movement and human being is not an exception to this rule, but is one of the most mobile living things. If we consider all the movements of body parts to be effective in health, and if we consider every movement that promotes health as a type of exercise, then we must accept that exercise is part of human life and an exact date cannot be specified for the emergence of exercise. Because when a human being is born, his body precedes his personality, therefore, in order to provide for his life, he did not need to do the various movements of his body parts and was forced to perform the necessary movements until the last moments of his life. Therefore, it should be said that sports were created with humans and will be completed with time. Exercise is regular and frequent body movements that are performed to achieve ability and fitness in line with various goals, the most important of which is vitality and health of the body (Hashmi Noorbakhsh, 2014).

Exercise guarantees human health and reduces the risk of many common diseases.     Immobility is a dangerous factor for the development of various diseases. Regular aerobic physical activity increases a person's capacity to exercise and plays an important role in the primary and secondary prevention of diseases, especially vascular diseases. Physical inactivity and mortality due to cardiovascular disease have a direct relationship. Exercise helps control abnormal blood fat, blood sugar, and obesity, and aerobic exercise lowers blood pressure in people with high blood pressure. Healthy people as well as cardiovascular patients can improve and develop their sports performance by training (Terkan, 2018). 

Physical activity makes bones, muscles and joints healthy and reduces the risk of cancerous mass formation. Millions of people in the world suffer from the disease, while regular physical activity can prevent and improve the disease to some extent. Every athlete needs training to achieve his goals, whether he is a sprinter, endurance swimmer, weightlifter, working rider, or any sport, he needs to take advantage of the physiological adaptations resulting from training. In addition, the mental-psychological adaptation that is obtained as a result of training is also significant. Considering the importance of training in sports, this study aims to investigate the effect of six weeks of training and three weeks of no training on the aerobic and anaerobic capacity of futsal referees.

2-1. Statement of the problem

    The progress of the knowledge of sports physiology has brought special attention to the development and expansion of the physiological profiles of the body.. Such physiological profiles have provided a better understanding and realistic application of championship sports. For this purpose, researchers and experienced trainers, relying on the knowledge gained from physiological variables, clearly guide the athletes in training scenes or sports competitions. Today, examining the level of preparation and physiological capabilities of athletes is necessary for planning and improving the quality and quantity of sports performance. Coaches and athletes are always looking to use the best training method that has scientific support so that they can achieve valuable results and victories (Berger, 2006).

Coaches and sports science experts are trying to find ways to increase the efficiency of training programs in a limited time period for athletes. Especially in sports such as football, which includes aerobic capacity, only part of the training program and competition. Success in sports performance is related to several factors, of which training is considered a main part (Gayini, 2016). Although training is done with different physical, technical and tactical goals, the role of physical and physiological factors is very prominent in endurance disciplines, especially in athletics (Smith et al., 2003). However, newer studies show that the endurance performance of athletes, according to the type of training, is affected by factors such as motor efficiency, neuromuscular adaptations, anaerobic capacity, endocrine system adaptations, lactate threshold and the ability to delay it, in addition to maximum aerobic capacity. Therefore, perhaps the use of resistance training, especially intermittently, along with regular endurance training, can help endurance athletes due to increasing anaerobic capacity and improving motor efficiency (Aghaalinejad, 2012). Since the purpose of athletes participating in training programs is to improve performance, determining the most important physiological characteristics in endurance performance and how the types of exercises affect these characteristics in order to provide suitable training programs are of importance and It has a special application for coaches and athletes. Eliakim et al. in 2002 pointed out that strength athletes may experience a decrease in the effective variables in aerobic fitness due to excessive attention to strength, explosive and power training. After examining the Olympic champions, they showed a decrease in HDL levels in the blood of strength and anaerobic athletes such as wrestling and weightlifting compared to aerobic athletes such as athletics. In addition, many researches have investigated the effect of different aerobic sports activities on the amount of blood fats and lipoproteins and have obtained different results.  Despite the general agreement about the beneficial effects of regular aerobic exercise on blood fat and lipoprotein profiles of healthy people and the beneficial results of aerobic exercise on HDL and LDL blood, there are no clear and acceptable results about the benefits or effects of short-term or long-term anaerobic exercise on fat metabolism and blood lipoproteins (Rashid Lemir et al., 2010).

Ghanbari Niaki et al. showed that a significant increase in HDL indicates that a resistance training session with 60% of a maximum repetition can improve cardiovascular health and changes in high-density lipoprotein metabolism. Jeremy et al. (1990) reported no significant change in TC, TG, LDL-C, and HDL levels due to circular resistance training. Lemora et al.(2000) studied the effect of aerobic, resistance and combined training methods on serum fat and lipoprotein levels, the results obtained from this research showed that the concentration of triglyceride to low-density and high-density lipoprotein did not show significant changes in the resistance training group, while these changes were significant only in the aerobic training group. Bagdanis et al. (2007) showed that 4 weeks of basketball-specific circuit training, in addition to increasing the average anaerobic power, can also increase the VO2max of athletes. Heff et al. (2004) showed that in order to increase VO2max in soccer players, their training should be at an intensity equal to 95-90% of their HRmax, which they considered the reason for the increase in VO2max to be the adaptations of the aerobic system to high training intensities.