The effect of the combination of resistance training and water thistle extract on liver enzymes in healthy male rats

Number of pages: 126 File Format: word File Code: 31627
Year: Not Specified University Degree: Master's degree Category: Physical Education - Sports
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  • Summary of The effect of the combination of resistance training and water thistle extract on liver enzymes in healthy male rats

    Dissertation for Master's Degree (M.A)

    Inclination:

    Exercise Physiology

    Dissertation abstract (including summary, objectives, methods of implementation and obtained) :

    The results showed for the first time that the plant extract of St. John's wort in an animal model combined with resistance training reduces the release of liver enzymes AST and ALT in the blood.

    Key words: ALP, AST, ALT

    Chapter One

    (research overview)

    Introduction

    If the last century It is not an exaggeration to consider the period of extraordinary progress. In this era, humanity has opened a new door to itself with discoveries, inventions and innovations. Certainly, the development of human consciousness has been achieved with the help of science and research. Today, the expansion of various fields of science has provided a smooth ground for understanding other unknown phenomena, and many new discoveries are due to the influence of different phenomena on each other. Among various scientific fields, the field of physical education and sports has also undergone fundamental changes and now a world of knowledge in this field of science is in front of mankind. Undoubtedly, the lack of application of various sports sciences will not provide the way for continuous progress both in the field of sports health and in the matter of developing talents. Sports physiology is one of the branches of sports medicine that deals with the scientific study of how the body responds and adapts to various sports exercises in different environments and studies the factors that affect human physical activity. Physical activity and exercise are associated with physiological adaptations. It is very important and significant to know and investigate these structures, especially in the enzyme system, which plays an important role in the body's vital reactions, because as a result of various sports activities and exercises, the enzymes undergo various changes, and knowing these changes is effective in interpreting the body's physiological mechanisms. Anyway, exercise, along with the positive role it has in creating physiological adaptations, can also be associated with cell damage. Besides these researches, there have also been studies related to the use of plants and its combination with exercise. One of these plants is thistle. The medicinal nature of this plant has led to its wide use for the treatment of various diseases. This is a member of the Zygophyllaceae plant family. In terms of nature, it grows in warm temperatures and tropical areas in southern Europe, southern Asia, throughout Africa and Australia. The root and fruit of milk thistle are sweet, cool, diuretic, sexual stimulant, appetite suppressant, analgesic and anti-inflammatory (Ana [1] et al., 2011, Tiliki [2]).

    1-1 statement of the problem

    What is certain is that physical activities and exercises affect different body systems and cause these systems to match the specific needs of the organism during physical activity and work. Muscles, heart and blood circulation, respiratory system and kidneys are among the systems that changes in the way they work due to physical activity. In the meantime, it is important to know this effect as well as their controlling mechanisms for planning and adjusting training programs and the type of sports activity. Liver as a metabolic organ is responsible for detoxification of various substances. Harmful metabolic products formed in other organs can affect it indirectly. The liver contains proteins and enzymes with a large antioxidant capacity, and it is assumed that oxidative stress is caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and this causes various liver damages. In addition to their beneficial benefits, sports activities and competitions cause a temporary disruption of homeostasis due to their stressful nature, which may have destructive effects if the principles of exercise science are not followed. In general, the energy required for the functioning of different organs of the body is released during a series of chemical reactions, and enzymes are effective in accelerating these reactions. Among these enzymes during sports activity are aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), which (AST) (in order of concentration) in the liver, heart, skeletal muscles, kidney, brain, pancreas, lung, white blood cells and erythrocytes and (ALT) in the liver, kidney and to a lesser extent It is found in the heart and muscle and (ALP) in the kidney, liver, bone, a little in the skeletal muscles of the placenta, small intestine and leukocytes. In intense activities, this enzyme transfers metabolites (such as lipids and amino acids) from the cell membrane to produce oxidative energy (Bashir et al., Clarkson [3] et al., 2006). An increase in ALP after exercise indicates an increase in liver activity for gluconeogenesis, fat peroxidation, and sometimes an increase in bone formation, which depends on the duration and intensity of the competition.  These enzymes play a role in transferring amine from aspartate and alanine to glucotaric acid to produce oxaloacetic acid and pyruvic acid and produce energy (ATP) in the presence of oxygen in mitochondria and gluconeogenesis. These enzymes directly show the damage of liver or muscle cells or the increase in cell membrane permeability during or after intense activity and the release of these enzymes into the systemic circulation. If the AST/ALT ratio is greater than one, it indicates an overload or damage to liver or muscle cells during competitions. style="direction: rtl;"> In past medicine, thistle has been regarded as a diuretic and expeller of urinary tract stones and a sexual power enhancer, and it has been used as a treatment for infection and inflammation of the gums.

    In traditional medicine, thistle has different therapeutic properties, including the removal of kidney and bladder stones. In traditional medicine, the fruit of this plant is used to treat diabetes. Kidney stone formation is one of the widely known diseases in men. Chemically, stones contain calcium, magnesium, ammonium phosphate, urea acid and cysteine. Today, the aqueous extract of thistle is used to treat kidney and bladder stones (P. Kamboj[4] et al., 2011). Also, by increasing the production of erythropoietin (Rohani et al., 2009) and increasing the amount of red blood cells and hemoglobin (jagadisen), they improve anemia.

    Various studies have shown an increase in the activity of these enzymes, especially after performing endurance activities. Although in some researches, changes in the activity of these enzymes have been investigated after resistance training, but there is little research regarding the response and physiological adaptations of these enzymes after performing various types of resistance training.

  • Contents & References of The effect of the combination of resistance training and water thistle extract on liver enzymes in healthy male rats

    List:

    Chapter One: General Plan

    Introduction. 3

    1-1 statement of the problem. 4

    1-2 The importance of the research topic. 5

    1-3 research objectives. 7

    1-3-1 general goal. 7

    1-3-2 special objectives. 7

    Research hypotheses. 8

    1-5 research assumptions. 8

    1-6 research limitations. 9

    1-7 definition of research data and terms. 9

    Chapter Two: Theoretical foundations and research background

    Introduction. 11

    2-1 Part I: Theoretical foundations of the research. 11

    2-1-1 Liver 11

    2-1-2 plasma enzymes. 11

    2-2-2 role of enzymes in biological activities. 11

    2-2-3 classification of enzymes. 12

    2-2-4 enzyme chemical structure. 13

    2-2-5 factors affecting the speed 13. What are 2-2-6 liver enzymes? 14. Where are 2-2-6-aminotransferases? 14. 2-2-6-4 AST in exercise 15 2-2-6-5 alanine aminotransferase (SGPT) 16 2-2-6-ALT in exercise 2-2-6-7 alkaline phosphatase (ALP) 16 2-8alp Statistical population 3-3 Statistical sample 3-4 Research variables 3-5. 29

    3-6 practice schedule. 30

    3-7 Preparation of aqueous extract of St. John's wort. 30

    3-8 liver sampling. 31

    3-9 measurement tools and methods. 31

    3-10 serum AST assay method. 31

    3-11 serum ALT measurement method. 32

    3-12 serum ALP measurement method. 32

    3-13 statistical methods. 32

    Chapter Four: Statistical Analysis

    Introduction. 34

    4-1 Inferential data analysis. 34

    4-1-1 Descriptive data. 34

    Testing hypotheses: 34

    Chapter five: discussion and conclusion

    Introduction. 78

    5-1 discussion and interpretation. 78

    5-2 Conclusion. 81

    5-3 suggestions. 81

    5-3-1 Suggestions arising from research. 81

    5-3-2 Suggestions for future research. 81

     

    Resources. 83

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The effect of the combination of resistance training and water thistle extract on liver enzymes in healthy male rats