Persistence of muscle function factors resulting from maximal and ultramaximal strength training in female athletes

Academic Thesis for receiving a Master's degree

Physical Education field of movement behavior

Strengthening muscle function factors in the developed training stages and maintaining these abilities are considered to be the most important duties of coaches and athletes when they are not training or are injured. With this aim, the present research examines the determination and comparison of the durability of muscle functional factors after performing a 10-week period of maximal and submaximal resistance exercises. 

Materials and methods: 42 athletes with an average age of 20.84±3 years, an average weight of 74.62±10.7 kg, height 172.24±7.20 cm, who had at least 2 years of experience in resistance training, were randomly divided into three groups, 14 of whom were in maximum resistance training (with an intensity of 90 to 95% of one repetition maximum), 14 people were divided into maximum resistance training (with an intensity of 95 to 100% of a maximum repetition) and 14 people were divided into a super-maximal resistance training (with an intensity of 100 to 105% of a maximum repetition) and after 10 weeks of resistance training, 3 sessions a week for 2 weeks. At the beginning of practice and after the end of the practice period, the test was done and again after 2 weeks of non-practice, the tests were repeated. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics tests, one-way variance test with repeated measurements, one-way variance test, Tukey and Bonferroni post hoc tests were used. (p?/o5

Findings: The results showed that the average variables of strength, endurance, and speed were not €. The variable of muscle speed between the group of supermaximal strength training was 100-105%, maximum 95-100% and maximum 90-95%. The variable of muscle power in the supermaximal strength training group 100-105% expressed a significant time effect. but this was not the case in the 100-95% and 90-95% maximum strength training groups. The muscle strength variable was not significant in the 100-105%, 95-100% and 90-95% maximum strength training groups. Conclusion: 100-105% maximum strength training groups. 100-95% improved the strength, endurance, speed and power within the group, but its duration is not different from the speed, which is 100-105% in the ultra-maximal strength training group, its duration is more, which should be taken into account when there is no training or injury for the athlete.

Keywords: resistance training, no-training, athletes, ultra-maximal

Chapter One

General research

Introduction

Today, one of the most important topics that should be considered by coaches and athletes is the issue of permanence, reversibility or It is an expression of the loss of abilities and adaptations obtained by training when the athlete is in the non-training stage (Fox [1], 1370).

Most sports movements have elements such as power, speed, time, and range of motion, which can be recognized as individual characteristics and abilities and physiological components such as muscle strength, muscle contraction speed, muscle endurance, flexibility, and coordination. (Theodore, [2] 1999).

These muscle performance factors that are important for the successful implementation of sports activities among athletes are developed in training stages and maintaining these abilities is considered one of the most important tasks of coaches and athletes in different training seasons. The main factor that harms the movement and development of the mentioned muscle performance factors is the issue of lack of training or the athlete moving away from the discipline and coherence of the exercises. The effect of lack of exercise mainly from one to several weeks on many physiological and anthropometric and even psychological characteristics has been investigated by many researchers from different countries, and the results of these researches mainly point to minor, relatively large and effective changes on the studied indicators (Kordi, 2010). Among these indicators that can be mentioned are sleep rest, maximum oxygen consumption and muscle function factors such as muscle endurance, muscle strength, speed and flexibility.Among these indicators that can be mentioned are sleep rest, maximum oxygen consumption and muscle function factors such as muscle endurance, muscle strength, speed and flexibility.

In recent years, the use of resistance training to improve sports performance has received more attention. Resistance sports include training techniques such as weight training and strength training. Weight training includes activities that are performed against a resistance to increase muscle strength and endurance (Ahmadi, 2010). Resistance exercises are one of the most common exercises to treat obesity in children and adolescents Molla Nouri Shamsi et al.(2018) improving insulin resistance, Delshad et al.(2019), preventing the occurrence of sarcopenia in women over 50 years old, (Taibi Sani et al., 2018) changes in the structure of the left ventricle, increasing muscle strength, etc.

Muscular strength is the ability and capacity of a muscle or a muscle group to exert maximum force against a resistance. Therefore, increasing muscle strength is one of the essential factors of preparation for those who participate in a physical activity program (Gaini, 2016). The use of power measurement is to monitor progress when performing a resistance training program. Considering that resistance training programs are implemented by healthy and fit people of all age groups, correct assessment of strength is inevitable. Muscle strength can be measured when performing any type of muscle contraction such as tension (isotonic), length (isometric), eccentric (eccentric) and movement (isokinetic). However, dynamic muscle strength tests using isotonic contractions are more common. Isometric or dynamic strength is typically the maximum weight that can be moved in one repetition. (One sit-up repetition) is measured using free weights or a resistance device (Kay Powers, 2014). The percentage of a maximum repetition determines the intensity (load) of the exercise and based on the intensity of the exercise, resistance exercises are divided into 5 submaximal groups (30-50% of a maximum repetition), moderate (50-80%), heavy (80-90%), maximal (90-100%) and supermaximal (more than 100%).

Approximately, all sports require muscle strength. are What is important in any sport is the specific strength of that sport, and maximal strength plays an important role in creating the specific strength of each sport (Hammett and Willam [3], 2003).

The ability of athletes to produce maximal strength depends on factors such as the diameter and cross-sectional area of ??muscles and muscle fibers, especially the diameter of myosin fibers along with their transverse bridges, the capacity to call muscle fibers to contract rapidly and the ability to simultaneously work all the muscles involved. It depends on a skill or movement (Hammett and Willam, 2003).

Muscle size depends largely on the degree of muscle hypertrophy, while myosin diameter and the increase in the protein content of transverse bridges depend on the degree of maximal strength. The capacity of calling fast-twitch fibers and the timing of muscle activities are also dependent on the amount of maximum loads and the explosive power of fast-twitch muscle fibers that results from maximal strength training. The improvement and increase of maximal strength is enhanced by the creation of high muscle tension, which is the result of the activation of a large number of fast-twitch motor units during maximal strength training.  Athletes must learn through maximal strength and power training to simultaneously increase muscle contractions involved in a movement or skill. On the other hand, performing maximum strength training increases the inhibition of opposing muscles, and as a result, when maximum muscle force is used, opposing muscles are coordinated and trained so that they do not contract against the movement. Agard [4] (2002) and Mertiani [5] (1979) stated that high-intensity strength-resistance training is one of the most widespread forms of physical activity used to strengthen skeletal muscles. is (increase in strength) which is attributed to a range of morphological and neurological adaptations. These morphological adaptations include an increase in the cross-sectional area of ??muscle (hypertonicity) and muscle fibers due to an increase in the size and number of myofibrils. Such adaptations do not occur during short-term strength training (four weeks), however, the increase in muscle strength will be visible.