Comparison of ten-year risk of coronary heart disease in active and inactive men aged 40 to 50 years

Dissertation for obtaining Master's degree (M.A)

Department: Physical Education and Sports Sciences

Abstract

Introduction: Statistics show that the prevalence of coronary artery diseases and deaths caused by them are increasing in Iran, such that about forty percent of all deaths are caused by this complication. At the same time, cardiovascular disease causes the highest rate of death, disability and economic burden compared to other diseases. Changing and creating a healthy lifestyle and enjoying an active and dynamic life, which is especially accompanied by regular, continuous and continuous sports exercises and physical activities, can be the best way of primary and secondary prevention in dealing with most chronic diseases, especially coronary artery disease and its underlying process, namely atherosclerosis. What is the scope and extent of the impact of sports programs running in the sports centers of Yazd on the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases in men aged 40 to 50 years? Have the running sports programs in sports centers of Yazd city affected and reduced the ten-year risk of coronary heart disease in active and inactive men aged 40 to 50?

Method: The current cross-sectional research is a descriptive-analytical and applied research, and the method of its implementation is the method of comparing the average variables between the groups under investigation, in which the difference of the research variables is investigated in the fasting state. Statistical population of active men; It included men aged 40 to 50 who volunteered at sports centers in Yazd in October 2013 to participate in sports training on even days of the week. Statistical population of inactive men; It included men between 40 and 50 years of age who were volunteers working in the Department of Education in Yazd in October 2013. From two groups of active and inactive men, a sample of 20 subjects in each group was selected. The independent variable in this research was the amount of physical activity according to the answers of the questionnaires of the amount of physical activity and the standard of the American College of Sports Medicine. The amount of physical activity was determined using a self-report questionnaire based on the exercise and exercise habits of the subjects. The dependent variables of the present study, the risk factors of coronary heart disease included diabetes, total cholesterol, serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, body fat percentage, blood pressure, and finally the ten-year risk of coronary heart disease. All measurements and blood sampling were done fasting and between seven and eight in the morning at the medical diagnosis laboratory. The average of the research variables between the two groups was compared using the two-range t test of independent samples. The significance level in all tests is p ? 0.05.

Results: The differences in the ten-year risk of coronary heart disease in active and inactive men aged 40 to 50 years are statistically significant. This result can be seen both in the average sum of points and in the average sum of percentages. The differences in high-density lipoprotein blood cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, smoking score and diabetes in active and inactive men 40-50 years old were statistically significant, but the differences in age, total cholesterol, blood pressure score and diastolic blood pressure were not significant. It seems that the implementation of sports exercises in controlling, reducing and modulating these risk factors has a quasi-pharmaceutical effect.

Key words: Physical activity, diabetes, high blood pressure, Framingham study

Human health is affected by many factors. Heredity, environment, health and lifestyle are the most important of them. Parallel to the rapid growth of technology and the expansion of urbanization and industrialization of human societies, especially in the late second millennium and with the reduction of physical activities, changes in the type of nutrition, increase in psychological pressures and overall changes in the way of life; A significant increase has been observed in the incidence rate, mortality rate, and complications caused by coronary artery diseases in developed and developing countries such as Iran. Statistics show that the prevalence of coronary artery diseases and the resulting deaths are increasing in Iran. This is while, according to recent information, the number of deaths caused by cardiovascular diseases has decreased by approximately 20% at the threshold of the third millennium. Cardiovascular diseases are still the number one cause of death and disability in Middle East countries, including Iran, in such a way that about 40% of all deaths are caused by this complication.At the same time, cardiovascular disease causes the highest rate of death, disability and economic burden compared to other diseases. It is estimated that by 2020, cardiovascular diseases and especially atherosclerosis will be the leading diseases worldwide that reduce the efficiency and useful life of people due to disability and premature death. In recent years, although remarkable successes have been achieved in reducing the complications and deaths caused by acute coronary events. However, the possibility of treating the underlying process (that is, atherosclerosis) and preventing its side effects is considered a big challenge for researchers.

The summary of information obtained from observational, interventional and epidemiological studies shows that several known risk factors are related to the spread and increase of cardiovascular diseases and the acceleration of the atherosclerosis process. Among these factors, variables such as heredity, age, sex, smoking, high blood pressure, lipid disorders, physical inactivity, obesity, diabetes, stress, use of some drugs (such as contraceptives), alcohol addiction, inappropriate food patterns are mentioned as major risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Factors such as heredity, age and sex are in the non-modifiable group and other important factors such as high blood pressure, smoking, lipid disorders, diabetes, stress, use of some drugs (such as contraceptives), alcohol addiction, inappropriate food patterns and lack of physical activity are in the modifiable group. Therefore, the change in lifestyle is considered an important and effective factor in adjusting and correcting these factors.

Statement of the problem

Immobility caused by the modern and industrial way of life has caused the level of physical fitness and movement of people to decrease and the weight of fat tissue to increase. This process confronts people with many diseases and discomforts, such as excess weight, high blood pressure, increased blood fats, especially cholesterol, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and atherosclerosis. Reduction of physical activity, inactivity and modern and industrial lifestyle are among the basic and important causes of these diseases. Many researchers in different countries have investigated the effect of physical and sports activities on preventing adverse physical changes and have reached different results. Most of the results of these studies show that physical activity and sports exercises that can increase muscle tension, improve the work of the oxygen transport system, better nutrition of the muscles and improve the efficiency of the body's joints. Aerobic activities that are performed continuously with appropriate intensity and duration have beneficial effects on the functioning of the body's systems and increase their efficiency and effectiveness. Getting used to good and suitable physical activities is an important factor in reducing diseases and their severity. This is especially important in reducing common cardiovascular diseases in developing societies. Due to the fact that the prevalence of coronary artery diseases, death, disability and economic burden caused by it is increasing in Iran, therefore, paying attention to physical activities and an active and active lifestyle is an important and necessary thing, which requires the design and implementation of extensive researches in the field of the effect and relationship of physical activities, sports training and an active and active lifestyle on cardiovascular risk factors.

According to many health experts, physical activities and sports exercises are very important, effective and desirable factors in changing the lifestyle and controlling these dangerous factors. By taking advantage of regular, continuous and long-term physical activities that are designed and carried out based on scientific and practical methods and under the supervision of sports and physical education experts, it is possible to prevent the complications caused by inactivity and, in addition to reducing and stopping the process of atherosclerosis, related risk factors such as obesity and weight gain, lipid disorders, high cholesterol, high blood pressure and diabetes can be controlled and adjusted. Many researches show that sports exercises and physical activities are probably a suitable stimulus for correcting and modifying the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases and there is a relationship between the amount of physical activity of men of different ages and the reduction, adjustment and modification of the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases. On the other hand, most of the studies conducted in this field are limited to western countries and few studies have been conducted in this field in Iran, especially in Yazd province. Therefore, the aim of this study is to compare the ten-year risk of coronary heart disease in active and inactive men aged 40 to 50 in Yazd.