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  3. Determining the predictive role of defense mechanisms and emotional failure in sports performance of athletes

Determining the predictive role of defense mechanisms and emotional failure in sports performance of athletes

Number of pages: 135 File Format: word File Code: 31607
Year: Not Specified University Degree: Master's degree Category: Physical Education - Sports
Tags/Keywords: Athletes - Athletes' performance - Defense mechanisms - Emotional failure - Emotional self-regulation - motor behavior - Sports performance - Sports psychology
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  • Summary of Determining the predictive role of defense mechanisms and emotional failure in sports performance of athletes

    Master's degree in the field: physical education and sports science, orientation: motor behavior

    Abstract:

    The purpose of this research was to determine the role of emotional dysfunction and defense mechanisms on sports performance of athletes, as well as to compare emotional dysfunction and defense mechanism between athlete and non-athlete students of Tabriz University. in which the comparison of the defense mechanism and the level of emotional failure of athletes and non-athletes as well as the relationship between emotional failure and defense mechanisms with sports performance of athletes has been discussed. The statistical population consists of athletes and non-athletes students of the University of Tabriz, among whom 90 athletes and 300 non-athletes were randomly selected as samples and completed questionnaires on personal characteristics, defense mechanisms (DSQ) and emotional deficiency (TAS-20). defense mechanism and performance of male athletes; There is a relationship between the defense mechanism and the performance of the athletes, that is, the more the defense mechanism is developed, the performance improves (p<0.05), also the other results of this test showed that between emotional deficiency and the performance of female athletes; There is a relationship between emotional failure and athletes' performance (p<0.05), that is, by reducing emotional failure, performance improves. And there is no relationship between emotional deficiency and the performance of male athletes (p>0.05).  Also, between emotional failure and defense mechanism of athletes; emotional failure and defense mechanism of non-athletes; There is a relationship between emotional failure and defense mechanism (p<0.05), that is, with the increase of emotional failure, the defense mechanism becomes less developed. Also, the results of the U-Whitney and Wilcoxon test showed that there is no significant difference between the emotional failure of boys and girls (p>0.05), but the difference between the defense mechanism of athletes and non-athletes and the emotional failure of athletes and non-athletes is significant (p<0.05). Also, the results of the regression test showed that developed (beta = -0.648) and undeveloped (beta = 0.288) defense mechanisms are suitable predictors for sports performance.

    Introduction

    Today in the world of sports, physical and tactical abilities and specialized skills are not the only guarantee of success. Many athletes show their best performance in training, but they experience emotional reactions when competing and facing competitors, media and spectators and other stressful situations. There are different emotions (including anger, fear, hope, despair, worry, feeling of inferiority, pride, sadness, happiness, etc.) and they are used to express all positive and negative emotional and psychological states and accompanying physical symptoms (Malaki, 2011). Most researchers, coaches, sports managers, and athletes have confirmed the effect of emotions on sports performance before, during, and after the competition, and most athletes attribute their successful performance or failure to emotional factors (Hanin, 2000). Sports psychology researchers have also come to the conclusion that the more capable an athlete is in understanding, identifying, regulating and accurately expressing emotions, he will have mental habits that make a person more efficient and show his best performance (Lane 2009). Currently, one of the new topics in the field of sports psychology is emotional failure.  Emotional inadequacy is a multifaceted construct and its main features are the inability to recognize and verbally describe personal emotions and extreme poverty in symbolic thinking, which limits the disclosure of feedback, feelings, tendencies and triggers. (Taylor and Bagby, 2000). They grow up and learn to control and suppress emotions that are harmful to performance. In this research, the relationship between defense mechanisms and emotional failure and the effect of exercise on the level of emotional failure and the type of defense mechanism are discussed.

    Statement of the problem

    How athletes perform, in addition to the level of physical skill, also depends on their mental skills and personality traits (Jaafari et al. 2016) and athletes who work at a high level have a slight difference in terms of skill, and the most important factor that probably exists in distinguishing a winner from a loser is the ability to cope with stressful situations (Koei Viola, 2002). Defense mechanism and emotional inadequacy are among the psychological and personality characteristics that affect individual performance.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       

    Emotional deficiency refers to the difficulty in emotional self-regulation, in other words, the inability to cognitively process emotional information and emotional regulation, which has multifaceted mechanisms, and its main features are the inability to recognize and verbally describe personal emotions and extreme poverty in symbolic thinking, which limits the disclosure of feedback, feelings, tendencies and triggers. inability to use emotions as one of the symptoms of emotional problems; It hinders abstract thinking, and reduces the recall of dreams, difficulty in distinguishing between emotional states and physical sensations, dry and formal look, limited capacity for empathy and self-awareness (Batoul Ahadi et al. 2007, Mohammad Hassan Afzali et al.  

    Defense mechanism is another personality trait that affects a person's performance in a stressful situation.  According to the definition, defense mechanisms are automatic regulatory processes that act to minimize sudden changes in internal and external reality by influencing how threatening events are perceived (Valant 1994, Bashart 2017). Defense mechanisms that are responsible for protecting me in the face of various forms of anxiety may be normal or abnormal and efficient or inefficient depending on the type of activity (Froud 1976). Based on Willent's hierarchical classification of defense mechanisms, Andrews et al. divided 20 mechanisms into three defense styles: developed, neurotic, and underdeveloped. The developed defense mechanisms are adaptive, normal, and efficient coping methods, while the neurotic and underdeveloped defense mechanisms are maladaptive and ineffective coping methods (Basharat 2017). Different people use different mechanisms and these differences cause failures and successes (Sapiedah Dem, 2013). On the other hand, the findings of sports science researchers emphasize personality traits as one of the most important variables used to describe successes and failures in sports competitions (Lajbaftnejad, 2019) and most of the researches conducted in the field of personality traits show athletes tending to extroversion and cognitive stability. and in the case of anxiety and depression, more researchers have reported that the level of anxiety and depression of athletes is lower than that of non-athletes (Shabani Bahar, 1390). Morgan and Johnson (1980) propose a model based on which athletes who suffer from psychological disorders such as neuroticism and introversion will not have the same successful experiences as others (Hatami, 2012). In the same context, Bigler and Weinberg [1] (1990) found in their research that elite athletes are more extroverted and have less emotional distress compared to normal athletes and non-athletes (Van, 1997; Avville, 2001). In addition to this, research results have shown that there is a significant positive relationship between emotional inadequacy and underdeveloped defense mechanisms, and a significant negative relationship with emotional intelligence (Yacoubi, 2013) and emotional intelligence has been introduced as one of the most basic characteristics of people, which plays a significant role in sports success, and supports the view that emotional intelligence creates a comprehensive picture of a person's ability to achieve success in different performance areas, including sports. Kend (Douglas, 2007; Eniola, 2007)

  • Contents & References of Determining the predictive role of defense mechanisms and emotional failure in sports performance of athletes

    List:

    Table of Contents

    The first chapter. .

    Introduction .

    Statement of the problem. 15

    The necessity and importance of research. 18. Research objectives: 19. Research hypotheses: 20. Variables: 21. Independent variable: 21. Dependent variable: 21. Research area: 22. Local area.

    Kalamrouzmani: 22

    Limitations of the research. 22

    Definition of research keywords conceptually and operationally: 22

    . The second season. 23

    Part I: Theoretical foundations. 25

    Introduction 25

    Definition of emotion 26

    Definitions of emotion regulation. 27

    The importance of emotion regulation. 30

    Types of emotional reactions. 32

    A: Internal reactions. 34

    B: Attitudinal and emotional reactions. 34

    Theories about excitement. 36

    Excitement and health. 36

    Emotional failure. 42

    Components of emotional failure. 45

    The importance of being aware of emotional failure. 45

    Emotional failure and defects in brain function. 46

    Emotional failure in terms of time stability. 46

    Emotional failure and mental health. 46

    Emotional failure and physical health. 56

    Emotional failure and exercise. 74

    Defense mechanisms 75

    Definition of defense mechanisms: 75

    Types of defense mechanisms. 76

    Developed defense mechanism. 76

    Undeveloped defense mechanism: 77

    An annoying psychotic defense mechanism. 81

    The relationship between defense mechanism and brain function. 81

    Defense mechanism and mental disorders. 81

    Defense mechanisms and exercise. 82

    Function. 82

    The second part: the background literature of the research. 82

    Chapter Three 83

    Introduction. 84

    Research method. 85

    Statistical Research Society. 86

    Statistical research sample. 86

    Information gathering tool. 86

    Personal information questionnaire. 87

    Questionnaire of defense mechanisms. 88

    Emotional failure questionnaire 88

    Method of collecting information. 92

    Statistical method of research. 96

    The fourth chapter 98

    The first hypothesis 101

    The second hypothesis 104

    The third hypothesis 107

    The fourth hypothesis. 109

    The fifth hypothesis 112

    The sixth hypothesis 113

    The seventh hypothesis. 116

    The eighth hypothesis. 117

    The ninth hypothesis. 117

    The tenth hypothesis. 118

    The eleventh hypothesis. 120

    The twelfth hypothesis. 133

    The thirteenth hypothesis. 133

    The fourteenth hypothesis. 134

    The fifth chapter. 83

    Introduction. 86

    Summary of the research. 88

    Research results. 89

    Results from descriptive findings. 89

    The results of multivariate analysis. 90

    Suggestions resulting from research results. 91

    Research proposals. 93

    Research limitations. 94

    Resources. 96

    Table 12-4 results of post hoc Bonafroni test for binary comparison of transference in the acquisition stage, immediate and delayed transference of Dart's decision.

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    Afzali, Mohammad Hassan; Fathi Ashtiani, Ali; Azad Fallah, Parviz "Comparison of Defense Styles and Mechanisms of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Patients and Healthy Individuals" Journal of Behavioral Sciences Fall 1387, Number 2, Session 3: Pages 245-252

                Bashart, Mohammad Ali; Zobardest, Azra; Nadali, Hossein; Salehi, Maryam "Emotional Intelligence, Emotional Dysfunction and Interpersonal Problems" 2017, Journal of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Year 38, Number 2 pp. 123-101

    Bashart, Mohammad Ali "Defense Mechanism and Emotional Dysfunction" Scientific-Research Journal of Principles of Mental Health, Fall 2018, Year 10; No. 3 pp. 190-181

    Bashart, Mohammad Ali "The relationship between personality dimensions and temperamental dyslexia" Journal of Contemporary Psychology, second period, number 2 1384; Number 15; pp. 7-21

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Determining the predictive role of defense mechanisms and emotional failure in sports performance of athletes
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