Comparison of the effect of three types of music (loud, soft and loud) on some results of physical fitness tests

Master's Thesis in Physical Education and Sports Sciences

Sports Physiology Orientation

Abstract

The purpose of this research was to compare the effect of three types of music (loud, soft, and loud) on the results of physical fitness tests. 16 healthy overnight students voluntarily participated in the tests with the average age (22.6±2.38 years), height (175.72±5.27 cm), weight (77.13±0.8 kg) randomly. All the subjects were randomly placed in four positions: no music, music with a fast rhythm, music with a gentle rhythm, and heavy music. The Bruce test was used to measure VO2 max, the hand grip test was used to measure muscle strength, and the modified sit-up was used to measure muscle endurance. A significant difference was observed in the effect of three types of music on endurance and strength (P<0.05). Shefe's post hoc test showed that fast music is more effective in increasing muscle strength compared to no music, and fast and forceful music is more effective in increasing muscle endurance compared to no music (P<0.05). Although music increased Vo2max, the results were not significant (P<0.05). In general, the results of this research showed that fast music compared to no music increases muscle strength and endurance, and house music increases muscle endurance compared to no music. Therefore it proposed that listening to music during exercise will block unpleasant feedback from either central or peripheral factors to the central nervous system, allowing the runner to relax, perceive rate of exertion to be lower, and block out the undesirable effects of activity. rtl;">

1-Introduction:

For many years, cultivating champions and creating surprises in various sports fields have been the goals of coaches and practitioners, and they are looking for ways to maximize the performance of athletes. To achieve this goal, it seems necessary to take help from science and research.  In many sports activities, the participant does not reach the ultimate level of performance due to lack of motivation; If it is possible to motivate the participant, he can be brought to the limit of his activity. In order for the athlete to bear the pressures caused by training, different solutions have been provided, one of these solutions is the use of music to increase the individual's motivation to reach the ultimate limit of his activity. When a person starts to perform a movement activity, he actually uses all the cognitive, physical and psychological areas in harmony. Therefore, in order to know and effectively use all the components of a movement, a person must be physiologically, psychologically, and neuromuscularly ready to perform that movement (1).

Mankind realized the motivational role of music in performing movements centuries ago, and recently, a lot of research has been done on how to perform sports movements with music. It is for this reason that today we have seen many athletes in athletics, ice skiing, cycling, etc., with headphones in their ears, who have focused their attention on the upcoming competitions, one of the reasons for which is the motivational effect of music on the athlete (2).

Types of music differ from each other in style, rhythm, intensity, and tone, and care must be taken in choosing the type of music for each training variable (3,4). Fast and soft music are tools that are increasingly being used today. Many people say that they make more effort when exercising with fast music, and the reason is that the athlete tries to align himself with the rhythm of the music and increase his activity, it is possible that the athlete forgets the pain and pressure and spends more time training. Due to the increasing use of loud and soft music by athletes in sports activities, researchers have conducted extensive research on the effectiveness of loud and soft music in different conditions on psychological and physiological factors.Most of the theories are related to the different effects of loud music with conditions without music on the physiological function of the body (6,5,3). In our country, Zurkhaneh sport has special customs and traditions. Zorkhane sports with music in the form of poems and stories in melodious form and along with zorkhane beat - the most important instrument of this type of music - is sung by the mentor to stimulate the athletes during sports. For each of the components of Zorkhaneh sport, there are musical pieces (instrumental and vocal) that the instructor performs. Today, Zorkhane music includes singing accompanied by Zorkhane beats and often both are performed by the master(7). Comparing the effectiveness of different types of music on improving human performance in different conditions such as the workplace, sports fields, and other situations has been a concern of researchers in different fields, and the purpose of this research is to compare the effects of three types of music (loud, soft, and loud) with conditions without music on the results of physical fitness tests and which one has a greater effect.

1-2- Description and Statement of the problem

Sounds and their effect on creatures is an issue that has been noticed since the past. As we go to nature, we close our eyes and relax by hearing soft and soothing sounds. Sometimes very loud sounds make us react and cause us fear. 

Playing soft music and performing rhythmic movements reduces anxiety, pain and stress, and probably music can replace painkillers and painkillers to some extent, music can reduce stress and improve a person's performance and help neurologists to treat nerve pain, listening to music is a complex phenomenon related to the mind and spirit and causes heart changes and behavioral changes (9,8). Regarding the effect of music on various sports parameters, especially on arousal levels, research has been conducted in different conditions. The results of some researches show that music may leave different effects, have a calming advantage, divert attention to work, affect the mental state, or increase confidence and self-esteem in performing movements. With the motivational role of music, the subjects may enjoy the exercises more, and people's interest in music may make them perform more intense exercises and apply more force (10). ). Karageorgis [1] (1996) in his research by measuring the level of perception of pressure and inhibition level along with music reached the conclusion that music can be used as a stimulant or a sedative to calm athletes with high anxiety (5). In a research conducted by Nik Manesh et al (2014) on the effect of music on the level of perception of pressure and mood, the results showed that music has no effect on the level of perception of pressure, but it has an effect on mood, depending on the training load (moderate and heavy) (11). During the past years, researchers have investigated the effect of music on people's sports performance and have observed different results. The reason for the difference in the results is due to different research designs. Some researchers have studied the role music might play in enabling exercisers to increase their workloads or their times to exhaustion. Many studies have measured the effect of music on aerobic performance, and conflicting information has been obtained about the effect of music on aerobic performance. Aerobic performance is assessed by measuring specific parameters of, such as maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max), heart rate (HR), rate of perceived exertion (RPE), and blood lactate (mmol/L), power output (W). In the conducted research, aerobic performance has been evaluated by measuring certain parameters, such as maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), heart rate (HR), perceived pressure (RPE) (14,13,12). There is conflicting data regarding the effects of music on aerobic performance. On one hand, studies have suggested that music does increase aerobic exercise performance by influencing certain parameters, such as rate of perceived exertion and time to exhaustion. On the one hand, studies have shown that music increases aerobic performance and the effect on certain parameters such as the amount of perceived exertion, heart rate, maximum oxygen consumption and blood lactate (6,15,16).