Dissertation for Master's degree
Abstract
"Verb" is a word that expresses doing something or taking place in one of the past, present or future tenses. The verb is the most important part of the proposition and the center of the sentence, which is associated with the identifier. Tarikh Beyhaqi is one of the most precious works of Persian prose, whose prose has both the stability and simplicity of the Samani and Ghaznavid eras, as well as the coordinates of technical prose. Tarikh Jahangasha is the most important work of Attamalek Jovini, the prose of the book is artificial and complex, and it is among the best surviving historical texts from the Mongol era. The method of collecting materials is library and the research method is descriptive-analytical. The aim of this research is to compare the verbs of Tarikh Bayhaghi and Tarikh Jahangosh and the way each verb is used in these two works. Statistically, the most used verbs were simple past and simple present, and the least verbs were future, command and prohibition. Compound verbs with the combination of "doing" and "becoming" are abundantly found, and simple, compound and prefix verbs are more definite and transitive.
Keywords: verb, morphological construction, simple past, simple present participle, unbiased history, universal history.
.Introduction
Language is a social phenomenon and cannot have a fixed and unified form and always depends on Transformation and social transformations, it undergoes changes, in each period of history it finds features that distinguish its form from the language of the previous period. Therefore, in the historical investigation of any language, it is possible to follow the path of its transformations from the oldest form and to determine the changes and laws that govern it throughout history.
Language is never static due to its transformable nature, and for this reason, exploring it does not recognize stability. If we consider dynamism as a permanent feature of the language, the study of its rules should also be permanent.
Persian language is one of the important and main branches of Indo-European languages, which has been recognized and paid attention to as an original language in the world for centuries. Extensive and mixed with other languages ??(Turkish, Arabic, Mongolian, etc.), there have been changes in it, but its basis and main form have not changed much and have continued to exist, which has been the reason for the pride and survival of the Iranian society. and unknown, structure (simple and compound and prefix), expression, auxiliary verbs and .
In this thesis, after stating the generalities, by stating the tense description of Beyhaqi and Attamalek Jovini, and presenting generalities around the topic, including the definition of the verb, subject, aspect, structure, transitive and intransitive, and then types of past tense - simple, continuous, improbable, transitive, subjunctive - types of participles - simple participle, indicative and subjunctive participles - future and imperative verbs in two The work has been compared and the differences and similarities of the verbs have been described in the form of tables and diagrams.
Due to the volume of the thesis, which was about a thousand pages, the work was done selectively and the number of types of verbs was reduced to fifty. In the presentation of statistics and graphs, all extracted verbs are given.
The history of Beyhaqi as a great missionary prose of the 4th century and the history of Jovini as a technical and artificial prose of the 7th century and the way verbs are used in these two books motivated me to do this, as well as the guidance of the respected professors, Dr. Alireza Kavehi and Dr. Akram Rahmani. It was a good incentive.
1-2. General
1-2-1. Statement of the problem
Tarikh Beyhaqi, known as Tarikh Mas'udi, is one of the most precious works of Persian prose and the art of writing written by Abulfazl Mohammad Bin Hossein Beyhaqi (470-385). In this book, he has depicted the social life of the Ghaznavid era, out of the thirty volumes, the remaining six volumes contain the events.In this book, he has depicted the social life of the Ghaznavid era, out of thirty volumes, the remaining six volumes contain the events of the reign of Amir Masoud, the son of Sultan Mahmud of Ghaznavid. The prose of this book is simple and straightforward. Alaa al-Doulah, Attamalek Juvini (623-681) in Jahangoshah History has discussed the real causes of the defeat of the Khwarezm Shahs and the extinction of Iranian civilization against the Tatar attack and the real reasons for the progress of Genghis Khan's work. Although the author of the book tried to praise the Mughal Khans, he did not refrain from mentioning historical facts. This book has been published in three volumes and has a technical and complicated prose.
The present research is a valuable comparative study of verbs in Beyhaqi history and Jahangosh history and how each of the verbs is used in these two works.
In order to achieve this purpose, both books have been carefully studied and the verbs have been extracted and then their current coordinates, including subject, person, time, aspect, transitive and intransitive, known and unknown, simple and compound, and so on. It is described and expressed in the form of tables and diagrams.
1-2-2. Research questions
The questions that are intended in this research are:
1- What are the morphological characteristics of verbs in the history of Bayhaqi?
2- What are the morphological characteristics of verbs in the history of Jahanghosha?
3- What is the difference between Bayhaqi history and Jahangasha history?
4- What are the benefits of sharing in Bayhaghi history and Jahangasha history?
1-2-3. Research hypotheses
a) Differences in Beyhaqi history and Jahangasha history:
1- In Beyhaqi history, bringing the past participle in place of the present participle for emphasis
2- Indicative tense instead of imperative tense
3- Use of past tense verbs in the form Descriptive
4- Instead of a simple verb, a compound verb is necessary.
5- Sometimes in the past tense, instead of auxiliary verbs (am, e, ist, am, id, and) it uses the definite verb "to be".
6- The transitive past comes to the descriptive form.
7- In sympathetic sentences, the verb has been omitted. style="direction: rtl;">9- In the history of Jahangasha, the continuous past tense replaces the transitive past, the simple past tense.
10- In the history of Jahangasha, the transitive past tense becomes the absolute past or the improbable past or vice versa.
11- In the history of Jahangasha, old verbs such as "boud" and "boand" and others It does not use the present participle of the verb "to be" and uses the participle "to be" instead.
12- In the history of Bayhaqi, a transitive verb with an old structure, which is formed from the past participle of the main verb + six forms of the auxiliary verb "to be".
b) Aspects of commonality:
1- In the history of Beyhaqi and Jahangasha, there is an omission of verbs.
2- The use of past tense verbs is in the descriptive form.
3- The past tense comes in the place of the past continuous, simple participle and news.
4- The past continuous comes in place of the present participle.
5- The use of relative verbs "is, was, was, became, became, became and."
6- Eliminating verbs by comparison
7- Modifying verbs by "anden and eniden"
8- Using prefixed and compound verbs
9- Simple verbs are more than other verbs.
10- Most verbs are "news"