Examining proverbs and rulings in Bostan and Golestan Saadi

Master's Thesis in Persian Language and Literature

Abstract

     Examining the similes of a poet or writer shows the influence of this person in the society. The purpose of the present research is to investigate the parables and parables of Golestan and Bostan Saadi. Understanding Saadi's similitudes and scenes made by Saadi in Golestan and Bostan, better understanding of Saadi among the public, helping to better understand Saadi's artistic use of similes, and better understanding of Saadi's poems are the goals of this research. The research method is qualitative and the data has been analyzed using the content analysis technique in a library and document analysis method. The result shows that Saadi, due to being a popular person and knowing about the common culture, customs, pains and aspirations of the people of his time and studying the works of the past, as well as his great ability and power in expressing and presenting them, many of his verses have found the authority of parables, he has been able to use the language and expression of the people of his time and After that, he became dominant and many of his words represent, after Ferdowsi, he had the greatest influence on Persian literature and Persian-speaking people, which can be seen most in the Golestan book.

Key words: similes, similes, Saadi Shirazi, popular culture.

Chapter One

Generalities

1-1- Statement of the problem

Since humans were able to communicate with each other, they started social life and in order to benefit from the thoughts and ideas of others and also, to advance their lives and better understand the people around them and avoid tensions and ultimately have a better and healthier life, they were forced to respect others and create rules, and for They themselves threw plans and established customs, and the collection of these rules, customs, beliefs and ideas is manifested in the word "culture". "Taking into account the definitions of culture given by experts, it can be said: culture refers to the behavioral content of society, including all human heritage, thoughts, behaviors and experiences; And it means the non-material heritage of the society, which has at least two characteristics of durability and general acceptance." (Abbasian, 1387:16)

To get to know the culture, the way of thinking and the way of life of the predecessors, whether political, economic, cultural, etc. Knowledge and information about customs, traditions, stories, proverbs, rulings, stories, etc. It is essential that "the study of customs, traditions and rituals, religious and national festivals, beliefs and habits, stories and legends, proverbs and songs, poems and lullabies, introduces us to the conditions and thoughts, taste, art and spirits of those people, and in addition to the culture of the people, we get to know many precise literary, moral, social, economic and minute points. We become aware of the times and lifestyles, habits, customs, imaginations and types of their thoughts. (Mirnia, 9:1369)

The culture of societies and people can be divided into two categories: the culture that is the result of the type of vision and thinking and shows itself in artistic, scientific and philosophical creations, and the other, the culture that originates from their experiences and behaviors. "The cultural effort of humans has two directions: one is through the mind and thinking, which shows itself in artistic, scientific and philosophical creations (spiritual and non-material culture). And the other is a series of material actions to expand material life from all kinds of sciences and techniques that have been able to find cultural aspects (objective or material culture). Non-material culture is divided into formal culture (special culture) and informal culture (common culture) according to the classification of "your age", and each is divided into a field of knowledge and arts. "Popular culture" (folklore) refers to a part of the elements and materials of culture that are transmitted through healing." (ibid: 26) "In order to know each nation and tribe, and tribe and tribe, their popular culture or local folklore should be examined." (Mirnia, 9:1369)

In order to study any subject, it is necessary to know the background and have a comprehensive and coherent definition. "(Vakilian, 3:1382) and after that "a person named Amber Azmorten followed his theory and after that, folklore was considered the most comprehensive indicator of common culture.(Sharifi Golpaygani, 1376: 8) and it is "a collection of customs and legends, proverbs, songs, myths, magic, folk medicine, beliefs and traditions, prophecies, dances and the like, which are transmitted orally from one generation to another in different societies, and in different periods there are a few examples in the form of It is written, regulated and maintained. (Aidenlu, 1379: 16)

In order to know any society and nation, it is inevitable to study and know their beliefs, convictions and insights, customs and culture in general. The root of the literature of every nation is folk literature, which includes every manifestation of tradition that is expressed or comes to the fore in the stories, legends, superstitions, proverbs, hymns, songs, ceremonies and prayers of the people." (Abbasian, 2017: 26) and "it can be said that popular culture is the final complement of national culture. (Ibid.: 27)

"The issues that are investigated under the name of public culture are placed in three categories: a) beliefs, customs and habits b) customs related to economic and social institutions c) stories, songs and proverbs." (Ibid.:27)

"In today's world, by studying and examining these terms, beliefs, proverbs, legends, songs, habits and customs, or in simpler words, the collection of the traditions of the past, they realize the low and high spirit of a nation and its way of thinking and its ancestors." (Amini, 1:1353) and the history of proverbs, which is one of the most important things It is folklore, it goes back to very distant times, as it can be said: "As long as God became God, there have been proverbs, and this is a point that can be understood from God's own words; Where he says: "And proverbs do not multiply for people, for God's sake they understand." (Khorrami, 6:1376) and due to its oral nature and its popularity, and the emergence of written literature after the invention of writing, it is considered the oldest type of human literature. Calligraphy was invented and used in human conversations." (Bahmanyar, 1369: 3) and this characteristic of orality and universality has kept it safe from the danger of being destroyed by the passage of time and change and transformation, and vulnerability to natural disasters and enemy attacks. For example, as "the valuable and lasting cultural heritage of any society, which is considered to be the guardian of a large part of the culture of that society, and the only treasure that neither weather conditions, such as wind and rain, snow and cold, can erode it, nor destructive and subversive events such as earthquakes, storms, etc. Yaraya has found a way to remove it from the mind; It is a treasure that has been spared from the plundering and destructive invasion of the enemies of this border and land" (Parsa 1387:5-4) and it has a special place in knowing and understanding these traditions, customs and ways of thinking; Che" is one of the oldest general cultures of a nation, which is suitable and compatible with the taste of all people, of the characteristics and peoples, and because of having similes, metaphors, allusions, words and interpretations that match the joys, bitterness and realities of life of most nations, people by using those similes and interpretations actually want to avoid mistakes and neglects and They should avoid ignorance and in some cases relieve their pains and pains" (Razi, 1368: 13) "The proverbs of every people and nation are the most interesting and important part of the culture of its people, and therefore its recognition and recording is of special importance." (Abrishmi, 1377: 7) Different classes of people use it according to their necessity and need, and make their words sound, pleasant and acceptable with it. "It's like seasoning. urban, rural, literate, male, female, and young, all of them use the word according to their needs, because it makes the words fit better on the lips. (Parsa 1387: 3)

Proverbs are derived from the experiences of the past, spread over the tongues, become common, and the people of the following ages learn from them and reform themselves and the society and build the foundation of the society's culture with it. Any society that has the most experiences and memories of its joys and sorrows and has a longer history of civilization has a greater number of proverbs and proverbs.