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The face of death in Persian poetry (Khorasani, Iraqi and Indian styles)

Number of pages: 160 File Format: word File Code: 31573
Year: 2011 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Literature - Persian Language
Tags/Keywords: death - face of death - Immortality - Indian style - Iraqi style - Irfan - Khorasani styles - Persian poetry - world
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  • Summary of The face of death in Persian poetry (Khorasani, Iraqi and Indian styles)

    Master's Thesis

    Farsi Language and Literature Department

    Abstract

    The most important event in the life of every person is not his birth, but his death. Death has always been a topic of thought for humans. Perhaps the only thing that a person can say about death is the inability to understand its truth. Despite the statement of wandering and obscurity about death, in thinking about it, man gains knowledge about life, himself and the purpose of life. As far as can be said; Self-knowledge, knowing the philosophy of life and ontology is the result of thinking about death. Thinking about death is the beginning of philosophy and truth-seeking.

    This article examines the phenomenon of death in the poetry of classical poets. Death in the poems of these poets has almost the same meaning as religion. This issue is more related to the religious worldview of the poets. Of course, despite the common world view that poets have had in all periods, the intensity and extent of their death thoughts in different periods have been different, according to the social conditions. In the Khorasani style, due to the favorable welfare and economic conditions and the ease of mind of the poets, less attention has been paid to death and its remembrance. The concept of death in this period is almost universal. The mind and thought of the poet of this period is far from death and death thinking. The poet expresses the same concepts that ordinary people are aware of. But in the Iraqi style, due to the prevalence of mysticism and introspection and unfavorable social conditions that were the result of the Mongol attack and made people more and more depressed, disappointed and sad, the tendency of people to think about death spread unintentionally. The memory of resurrection and rebirth, which is the result of thinking about death, in this period was a kind of healing for poets who were saddened by life and leaving the world. The mystics, who emphasized on the condemnation of the world and its sufferings, turned to re-incarnation and hope for happiness and comfort to console themselves. In the poems of Saeb and Bidel, which are representatives of the Indian style, almost the same expressions of mystic poets about death can be seen. The mystical thought and worldview of Saeb and Bidel is more influenced by great mystics such as Sanai, Attar and Rumi, as a result, their thoughts about death are in the same direction and path as those mystics expressed. They have used death to express the world's unreliability, its impermanence and ephemerality, advice to perform good deeds and pleasant behaviors, prohibitions and warnings from inappropriate deeds and invitation to seize the opportunity.

     

    keywords: death, world, immortality, mysticism and Persian poetry

     

     

    Foreword

    The factors that caused the topic of death to be chosen for this thesis. First, it was personal passion and interest in philosophical topics. Death, which is considered to be the most important factor in the formation of philosophy in human life, is the most central issue through which one can discuss the worldview and philosophical thoughts of thinkers. Because if there was no death, man would never think about his existence and philosophy. Although in the beginning, there was ambivalence towards the choice of this issue; Is it possible to work on such a topic as a thesis or not? However, the wise and valuable teacher, Dr. Rahman Mushtaq Mehr, in Nasser Khosrow's class, pointed out that the phenomenon of death can be examined in several poets, which made him more enthusiastic about choosing it. Also, the encouragements of the esteemed instructor, was a reason for this delicious choice.

    It is not without problems to write about a subject like death in the poetry of poets, which may be interpreted by everyone in a different way than others. Especially for a beginner who writes such a topic as one of his first experiences. Therefore, the author apologizes to the dear reader for the existing shortcomings, both in the way of writing and in the explanation of the topics. are including "Rebirth (death before death in Persian mysticism and literature), written by Ali Hosseinpour", "Death boutique in the poetry of Sanai and Khayyam", written by Dr.Among them, "Rebirth (death before death in Persian mysticism and literature), written by Ali Hosseinpour", "Death boutiques in the poetry of Sanai and Khayyam, written by Dr. Mohammad Jafar Yahaghi and Mohammad Reza Barati", "Death in the opinion of Maulvi, written by Seyyed Mohammad Akram" and similar ones written by respected authors. Most of these articles are about death in Khayyam and Maulana. The reason for this article is the excessive attention of these two thinkers and poets to the issue of death and related issues. The important beauty of these articles is their efforts in explaining the poets' perception of death and its place in their worldview. But the style of these articles is more descriptive than analytical. The reason for that may be due to the limited time in editing the article. Because there is often no room to deal with the events in the article and what is mentioned is more related to the generalities. Apart from the articles written on this subject, a thesis titled "The Phenomenon of Death in the Poems of Three Hakims (Ferdowsi, Sanai, Nizami)" was completed in Tabriz University in 1380. These were the things that have been worked in classical poetry. In contemporary literature, a thesis titled "Thinking about death in Shamlou's poetry" has been completed at Imam Khomeini International University of Qazvin. After extracting the verses from the works of the selected poets, the verses were categorized based on the topic and meaning, then each category was explained and analyzed under its own title. Extracting files from external sources to confirm and prove the stated content was another task that was done to complete this work. From the three famous styles of Persian poetry, three poets were selected from each. Thus, in the style of Khorasani, Rudaki, Ferdowsi and Khayyam; In the Iraqi style, three famous poets; Sanai, Attar and Molvi, and in the Indian style, Bidel, Saeb and Kalim Kashani. The reason for choosing these poets among other poets for such a topic was the connection between the central themes of their poems and the phenomenon of death and death thinking. It has been tried to choose poets whose poems can be used to find concepts related to the subject of death. For example, in the Khorasani style, a poet like Manochehri cannot be used to investigate this issue. Because his world view and the topics and themes of his poems have nothing to do with death. But on the other hand, a poet like Ferdowsi, due to the fact that the subject of his poems is the life and death of kings and heroes, willy-nilly there are references to death and concepts related to it in the stories. It is necessary to mention that if some parts of the thesis feel that the concepts and topics are repeated, it is mostly due to the common themes of the poets, which is the result of their common and identical worldview. The world view of the poets is religious and most of the concepts they have expressed in relation to death are to confirm the opinions of religion. As a result, the same worldview causes similarities in opinions and statements. The main purpose of this article is to explain the concept of death in the worldview of classical poets. Also, receiving these materials, what do poets think of death? And what concepts have been expressed in connection with it? Are poets more inclined to thinking about death, or avoiding it? If they are, what is the direction and meaning of their death thoughts? Is it consistent with the statements of religion, or contrary to it? If they are not death-minded, what factors have caused them to not be death-minded? Generalities)

    Death from the perspective of the Qur'an

    The myth of immortality

    Rebirth, a manifestation of human immortality

    Death of the body and immortality of the soul

    The conflict between life and death in humans

    Fear of death

    Death and despair

    Death and love

    Abstract

    The most important event of each person's life, not his birthday, but is his death. The death has always been a subject of thought for man. Perhaps, the only thing that man can express about death-thinking is inability and weakness of himself in understanding its fact.

  • Contents & References of The face of death in Persian poetry (Khorasani, Iraqi and Indian styles)

    List:

    Abstract.. one

    Foreword.. two

    Chapter one

    Introduction and generalities.. 2

    Death from the perspective of the Quran.. 2

    The myth of immortality.. 3

    Life again, a manifestation of the eternal thinking of man. 5

    Annihilation of the body and immortality of the soul. 7

    The conflict between life and death in humans. 8

    Fear of death.. 01

    Death and despair. 11. Death and love.. 13. Sleep and death.. 15. The second chapter (Khorasani style). 18

    Part 1: Rudaki.. 19

    Death and the face of the world. 20

    Death teaches. 25

    Imagination with death. 26

    Leaving the world, the way to deal with death. 27

    The immortality of the soul. 28

    Part 2: Ferdowsi

    Expressing the general concepts of death. 30

    Predictability of death. 34

    Religious worldview and avoiding death. 36

    Old age and thinking about death. 36

    Destiny is the result of death. 38

    Aversion to death. 39

    Part 3: Khayyam

    Death and worldliness. 40

    Death and doubt. 43

    The wonder of death and other mysteries of existence. 46

    Death and determinism. 50

    Death and transformation of man. 51

    Death and the invitation to be happy and be a spoil. 54

    Conclusion. 60

    The third chapter (Iraqi style)

    The influence of mysticism on the prevalence of death thoughts. 62

    Part 1: Sanai

    A positive view of death. 62

    The mystics' lack of fear of death. 64

    The death of the face.. 64

    Knowledge and thinking about death. 66

    Part 2: Attar

    Voluntary death.. 67

    The world in the eyes of the mystic. 72

    Death for life. 77

    Death and moral teachings (note about death and ethics). 80

    Fear of death.. 83

    Death is the antidote.. 86

    Man's discomfort with death. 88

    Death, the cause of unhappiness in life. 89

    Everyone's death is his color. 90

    Another death message. 91

    Part 3: Maulvi

    Death of deaths.. 94

    Death, life again. 95

    Death without death (voluntary death). 98

    Personal death. 101

    Imagination of life from death. 103

    Transformative death.. 106

    Another death message. 108

    Death of lovers. 109

    Evolutionary theory of death. Conclusion. 116

    The struggle of two senses of existence and non-existence in man. 117

    Life from the perspective of death. 120

    You are and you are not. 120

    The madness of immortality.   122

    Part 2: Saeb

    Dependence on the world and fear of death. 124

    For whom is death difficult? 125

    Attributes of people who are not afraid of death. 127

    Voluntary death in Saeb.   128

    Sociological examination of death. 130

    Examination of human attachment to the life of the world from the perspective of death. 132

    Part 3: Kalim Kashani. 133

    The cause of aversion to death. 134

    Movement of thinking about death. 136

    The narration of the life of a world from the point of view of mystic poets. 137

    The influence of religion on poets' view of death. 138

    Comparative study of death. 139

    Conclusion. 141

    Declaration list. 143

    List of sources. 145

    English abstract. 151

    Source:

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