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  3. Investigating the methods of criticism in the Holy Quran

Investigating the methods of criticism in the Holy Quran

Number of pages: 89 File Format: word File Code: 31569
Year: 2014 University Degree: Master's degree Category: Literature - Persian Language
Tags/Keywords: Arabic literature - cash address - Criticism - Criticism in the Qur'an - Criticism methods - education - hadith - Holy Quran - literary criticism - Qur'an and criticism - Quranic reviews
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  • Summary of Investigating the methods of criticism in the Holy Quran

    Dissertation for Master's Degree in Arabic Language and Literature (M.A)

    Abstract

    The Holy Qur'an sometimes deals with the method of expressing the truth without explicitly considering a case and teaches its reader what pure truth is, and sometimes it deals with what is with a critical eye and while analyzing and The explanation of the existing beliefs is criticized in two forms of solution and contradiction arguments. This is the way that the Qur'an has approached the truths of existence and the criticism of the beliefs, insights, and attitudes of the followers of other Shariahs, and whenever the Qur'an criticizes something, it expresses its badness or goodness and does not justify its actions and biases against an individual or group, so it can be said that the Qur'an is the first book of criticism among Muslims. Therefore, in this research, which is about the examination of the most important methods of criticism in the Qur'an, by citing the verses of the Holy Qur'an and using the methods and methods of the Qur'an, we can hope that the concepts and truths of the Qur'an will reach the ears of others and that the false beliefs and insights that are established in the society will be re-read, analyzed and explained, and their strengths and weaknesses will be known.

    keywords: the Holy Quran, methods of criticism, Quran and criticism, critical address

    Chapter One:

    Overview of the research

     

     

    1- Introduction

    Perhaps this claim is not out of place that the Holy Qur'an has dealt with every issue related to the group or personal life of man and has expressed its rulings. As it deals with the opinions and obligatory rulings of man, the Holy Qur'an has expressed many things related to the social and individual life of human beings and in all social, historical, literary fields and so on. He has determined the best answers to the issues that occupy the human mind so that he can take steps according to them, and more importantly, he has made a large volume of his verses special to the social customs that guarantee the bond between the members of the society, and sometimes he has not left even the smallest ones unanswered. The amount of attention the Quran gives to different issues is different based on their importance. The Quran, in addition to being a reason and guide for Muslims, "Inna haza al-Qur'an yahdi lillattei hia aqoum" (Isra'a/9) has drawn the wrong actions and manners of the society in front of the reader's eyes and criticized them; When criticizing the society, the Qur'an has used several methods. Whenever the Qur'an wants to remove a bad behavior from the society in order to replace it, it does not just prohibit or just order; In the sense that when people's lives are cleansed from the reprehensible nature of ignorance, they will be adorned with human values ??and in the end the divine light will be manifested in it, but the purpose of the Qur'an is to criticize the reform of Islamic society and free it from darkness and ignorance and establish a human society: "To the light" (Ibrahim/1) A society in which supremacy is based on faith in God, far from ugliness, war and brutality, justice and welfare of all are the center of it, and the complete worship of God Almighty and the true happiness of the Muslim man is realized in it, and criticism that seeks to cleanse the new society from the wrong actions and behaviors of the past, therefore it is not in vain that we considered the Qur'an a book of criticism, especially in the social context, with the help of which we can Let's get a clear picture of the society at the same time as it descends.

    1-2- Statement of the research problem

    The Holy Qur'an is the religious book of Muslims, but in fact it is a book for all humanity, its meanings and concepts have had a hidden and obvious impact on our personal and social life in various ways during fourteen centuries, so that today it is not possible to He mentioned various aspects of Muslims' lives that the Holy Qur'an and its lofty meanings have not directly or indirectly affected. 

    This holy book, whose commands and addresses are not assigned to a specific tribe, race, time, and place, and its commands are not a social phenomenon that is the result of special conditions that, with the disappearance of those conditions, its commandments become obsolete and disappear, and because the Holy Quran is an understandable book that was revealed for the education and guidance of mankind, it is therefore the way to happiness and safeguarding the interests of this world and the hereafter.. 

    This holy book, whose commands and addresses are not assigned to a specific clan, race, time and place, and its commands are not a social phenomenon that is the result of special conditions that, when those conditions disappear, its commandments become obsolete and disappear. and this is the good news and injunction that the Qur'an relied on (inna arsalnaka bilhaqq bashira wa nazeera (Al-Baqarah/119) in Islam, unlike the materialist schools that consider only the legitimacy of the message as the criterion of action, in addition to the sanctity of the message and its issues, it must also be legitimate, and even in different ways it expresses the cases against legitimacy, which from the same The warning starts with mild rebuke and indirect rebuke or irony, then criticism with a kind of harshness without any mispronunciation, but firm and firm, because the goal is to correct and educate and identify harmful phenomena that threaten the individual and the society. For example: Tanzerhom Layomenon. May Allah's end be upon their hearts and upon their hearing and upon their sight, and for them is a great punishment. (Al-Baqarah / 7), and "In their hearts there is a disease, Allah has increased them, and for them is a severe punishment because they lie" (Al-Baqarah / 10), "Allah mocks them and Yamuduham fi toghianehm yamahoun" (Baqarah/15) and by reflecting on the verses of the Holy Quran, we see that God has clearly shown and pointed out the positive aspects of the way of life and the negative aspects in the direction of the exaltation and perfection of mankind. Therefore, it can be said that when the Quran condemns and criticizes the negative and ugly things, it replaces and plans a positive plan along with it. Criticism in the Qur'an has many methods and for each group of target audience it has adopted a method that suits their conditions. Most of the criticism in the Qur'an is social or topical criticism, and this is also a natural thing, because the Holy Qur'an is a divine book whose goal is the truth and guidance of man. rtl;"> Of course, criticism is necessary to show excellence and goodness, and an intelligent observer to express points and aspects of ugliness and weakness, and in general, criticism analyzes and examines matters, then issues the necessary rulings on them, but criticism and cases of syllables in the Holy Qur'an have many differences with literary criticism. The critical address of the Qur'an is done away from certain feelings or interests, but based on the requirements of human needs, which is built in different ways in harmony with the purpose of creation and guidance, and the criticism of the Qur'an is actually based on truth and perfection, so that it is designed according to the position of the addressees and their situation. It is noteworthy that many verses of criticism and blame in the Qur'an refer to the behavior and positions of the People of the Book (Jews, Christians, polytheists, and Muslims), and a part of condemnation refers to the condition of hypocrites. In this treatise, we are trying to examine several verses in which we can express the style of the Qur'an in criticizing and expressing individual and social weaknesses in various fields. It places two worlds. Most of the human segments that are in the position of slipping and going astray are found in the subject of criticism and syllables of the Qur'an, the research and investigation of these cases creates a great change in human thought. Therefore, examining the critical cases and the methods of the Quranic design of these cases is considered a leap and a movement in the direction of becoming aware of the valuable Quranic teachings.

  • Contents & References of Investigating the methods of criticism in the Holy Quran

    List:

    Abstract. 1

    The first chapter: Generalities of the research

    1-1- Introduction. 3

    1-2- Statement of the research problem. 3

    1-3- The importance and necessity of conducting research. 5

    1-4- literature review and research records. 5

    1-5- The aspect of newness and innovation in research. 6

    1-6- Research objectives. 6

    1-7- Research questions. 6

    1-8- research assumptions. 6

    1- Criticism is presented in the Quran in different ways. 6

    1-9- Definition of technical and specialized words and terms. 7

    1-10 - Methodology and research tools. 7

    1-10-1- Information gathering tool. 7

    The second chapter: Criticism and its types in history

    2-1- Criticism in words. 9

    2-1-1- Criticism in terminology. 10

    2-1-2- Criticism in concept and meaning 12

    2-1-3- Types of criticism. 13

    2-2- The difference between literary theory and literary criticism. 16

    2-3- Criticism in history. 18

    2-4- Transformations of criticism in the history of Arabic literature. 19

    2-4-1- Criticism in the Jahili period. 19

    2-4-2- Criticism in the Sadr period of Islam. 20

    2-4-3- Criticism in the Umayyad era. 21

    2-4-4- Criticism in the Abbasid era. 22

    2-4-5- Criticism in the age of decadence. 26

    2-4-6- Criticism in the contemporary era. 26

    2-4-6-1- Contemporary critical approaches. 28

    2-4-6-1-1- Psychological criticism 28

    2-4-6-1-2- Social criticism. 29

    2-4-6-1-3- Rhetorical criticism. 29

    2-4-6-1-4- moral criticism. 29

    2-4-6-1-5- Criticism of aesthetics. 29

    2-4-6-1-6- Comparative criticism. 29

    The third chapter: Review of the society of the Arabian Peninsula

    3-1- The society of the Arabian Peninsula before the revelation of the Qur'an. 31

    3-1-1- Political and social situation. 31

    3-2- Characteristics of Arabs. 33

    3-2-1- Culture and customs. 34

    3-3- Ignorant literary images. 34

    3-4- Wars of Jahilit period. 36

    3-5- Women and family system. 36

    3-6- Economic situation. 37

    3-7- Religious situation. 38

    3-8- Arabic language. 39

    3-9- Revelation of the Qur'an. 41

    3-10- Important opinions regarding the beginning of revelation of the Qur'an. 44

    3-10-1- The opinion of Allama Marafet. 44

    3-10-2- Allameh Tabatabai's opinion. 44

    3-11- Qur'an's attitude towards poetry and poetry. 45

    3-11-1- Accusation of poetry and poetry. 45

    Chapter Four: Criticism in the Holy Qur'an

    4-1- The effect of the Qur'an on the society of the Arabian Peninsula. 52

    4-2- The style of Qur'anic criticism. 55

    4-3- Conditions of criticism in the Qur'an. 57

    4-4- The groups that are addressed critically in the Holy Quran. 58

    4-5- Argument about the impossibility of having a child of God Almighty. 64

    4-6- The beliefs and behaviors of polytheists and infidels from the perspective of Qur'anic criticism. 69

    4-7- Belief in determinism. 70

    4-8- The Qur'an and the completion of proof with polytheists. 71

    4-9- The difference between literary criticism and Quranic criticism. 75

    4-10- Criticism and syllables in the Qur'an. 76

    4-11- Satire and satire compared to the idiomatic meaning of criticism. 76

    4-12- Social criticism in the Quran (Jahili society) 80

    4-13- Criticism of psychology in the Quran. 85

    4-13-1- Personality evaluation based on psychology. 85

    4-13-2- Division of personality based on opinion. 86

    4-13-3-Psychological reactions, revealing the inner secret. 89

    4-13-4- The family is an effective factor in human development. 89

    4-13-5- Psychology of colors 90

    4-14- Criticism and miracle of Quran. 90

    4-15- Eloquence and eloquence. 93

    4-16- Criticism of eloquence and eloquence. 95

    4-17- The theory of order and style of the Quran. 95

    4-18- Examining the theory of order, style and style of the Qur'an. 96

    4-18-1- Claimed funds. 97

    4-18-2- Criticism of numerical miracles. 97

    4-18-3- Content miracles of the Quran. 97

    4-18-4- Excellent and amazing teachings in the Quran. 98

    4-18-5- Criticism of the previous two aspects. 98

    4-18-6- Absence of differences and contradictions in the Qur'an. 99

    4-18-7- Examining the theory of non-existence of differences in the Qur'an. 99

    4-18-8- Scientific miracle. 99

    4-18-9- Occult news. 102

    4-18-9-1- Criticism of occult news. 102

    4-18-10- Examining the theory of economy. 103

    4-18-11- Miracles of the Qur'an from the direction of its bringer. 104

    4-18-11-1- Criticism of the theory of miracles of the Qur'an from the point of view of its bringer. 104

    4-18-12- Ragheb's view on the miracles of the Quran. 104

    4-18-12-1- Critique of Ragheb's view. 106

    4-18-13- Examining the miracle of eloquence. 106

    4-18-14- Examining promise of economy. 108

    4-19-. 108

    4-19- Conclusion. 110

    List of sources and sources. 112

    Source:

    Holy Quran

    Nahj al-Balagha

    A) Persian sources

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