Examining lexical coherence in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh

Dissertation for Master's degree (M.A)

Introduction

Language is a tool for expressing concepts and communication between people. The first and most basic role of language is the same because humans are bound to convey their experience in communication with others in society and find out the experience of others. Therefore, in its study and description, language forms and forms related to this role should be used. examined the language. Branches in linguistics under the title of rhetorical analysis have been created in this regard and to examine the use of language.

Word analysis examines the relationships between extrasentences and the relationship between language and the contexts in which it is used. The text is the form of speech negotiations, and the text forms a coherent unit. It is coherence. Coherence in the text is achieved when the interpretation of an element in the text depends on the interpretation of another element. Halidi and Hassan (1976) have divided the tools of coherence in the text into three main categories in the English language, which are:

1. Grammatical: grammatical factors that have three subcategories of reference, substitution and deletion.

2. Lexical: lexical factors that include repetition and conjunction. 3. Conjunction: Linking factors that include additional, causal, contrastive and temporal elements. What was done in this research is the examination of the language of the Shahnameh from the perspective of lexical coherence, and it was an effort to establish lexical coherence in this enduring work of the fourth century, according to Halidi and Hassan's theory. Hijri should be investigated.

1-2 Importance of the topic

Lotfipoursaedi (1374) suggests that the communicative role of language is the most important factor and motivation for its development and evolution. In fulfilling this communicative role, language acts as a whole. This research will examine the branches of language as a discourse analysis, which in The study of language and linguistics is very important. Speaking of word analysis or discourse analysis entails paying attention to the text, and the text has special characteristics, one of which is textual coherence. The coherence of the text and the knowledge of the factors affecting it are very important because the smallest change in these elements leads to a change in the coherence of the text, and a change in the coherence of the text causes a change in the context and as a result throughout the text, which induces a false understanding of it to the reader or listener. Therefore, the importance of this research is because the factors Coherence plays an important role in the text.

1-3 statement of the problem

In the analysis of speech, the study of language is done in relation to its communicative role and how it is used by the speaker/writer, and it begins with the examination of the text, and according to Halidi and Hassan, "what distinguishes the text from the non-text is textuality and coherence is one of the factors. It is creating textuality" (1976:4). Since cohesion is a semantic relationship, it is assumed that in Persian language it is classified into three groups, grammatical, lexical and conjunctive. No.

1-4 Research Questions and Hypotheses

1-4-1 Research Questions

The questions investigated in this research are:

- Are all the elements of lexical coherence i.e.

1-4 Research Questions and Hypotheses

1-4-1 Research Questions

The questions investigated in this research are:

- Are all elements of lexical coherence meaning "repetition" (same word, synonym, semantic inclusion, and common word) and "with agreement" are used in the Shahnameh?

- What is the distribution of lexical cohesion factors in the Shahnameh?

- Which of these factors has the highest frequency of use?

1-4-2 Research Hypotheses

According to the above questions, the following hypotheses were examined in this research:

- All the cohesive elements of "repetition" and "with agreement" and . It is used in the Shahnameh.

- The distribution of lexical coherence factors in the Shahnameh is different.

- Among these factors (repetition of the same word, synonymy, semantic inclusion, general word and by agreement) probably

"repetition of the same word" is the most used.

Keywords 1-5

Speech [2]                           

   The word (speech) is the use of language in relation to social, political and cultural formation. Language reflects the development of society as well as the type of action of people with society and can be defined from two structural and role-oriented perspectives:

1. Structural perspective: According to Shafrin [3] (1994), in this perspective, speech is considered a structural level larger than a sentence or a clause, and it consists of a set of structures that have a special relationship with each other and can only occur in limited arrays. In this view, the role of linguistic units in relation to each other is emphasized and the relationship between the role of words and the context of the situation that is a part of it, and the process of language communication is generally ignored.

2. Role-oriented perspective: Lotfipoursaedi (1371) sees speech in this perspective as a process in which all factors governing the use of language among humans, including textual, social, cultural, interpersonal, etc. factors interact to crystallize and shape the message. It is linguistics that studies linguistic forms in relation to the communicative role of language and how language is used by the speaking parties to do something.

Harris (1951) is the first linguist who used the term "speech analysis". In his opinion, what makes the speech special is that the speech has a structure and the verbal units are related to each other according to it.

Brown Wavell (1983) defines speech analysis as follows: "speech analysis" is necessarily the analysis of language in use; Therefore, it cannot be limited to the description of language forms independent of the goals or roles that these forms are created to fulfill in human affairs.  Sokhnav (linguistic analyst) aims to know for what purpose language is used.   

Latfipoursaedi defines speech analysis as follows:

"Speech analysis as a branch of linguistics studies the way multiple factors act and react in the process of speech creation, how messages are exchanged between speakers and, in general, the nature of the crystallization of meaning in linguistic forms" (50:1371).

text

Lotfipoursaedi (1371) considers speech as a process and text as a linguistic product and its formal manifestation. In his opinion, the text consists of one or more sentences that have a meaningful meaning or message, but it is clear that no matter how many sentences are placed together in a row, they do not constitute a text. There are certain relationships between the sentences of a text that distinguish that text from a set of sentences that are randomly placed together. He uses the term text to refer to an abstract theoretical construction that is manifested in words. In other words, the ratio of text to words is the ratio of sentences to speech. Halidi and Hassan (1976) define text as follows: text itself is the words that are used in linguistics to refer to a spoken or written piece of any length, which forms a set of attachments. There are characteristics that are specific to the text and instead of It can no longer be found. Also, the text can be written or spoken, prose or poetry. Yarmohammadi (1372) considers the text as a way of conveying a message. Presenting the message in the form of text is subject to many mechanisms and considerations on the part of the speaker or writer.