Contrast of water and fire and light and darkness in contemporary poems based on "Nima Yoshij, Sohrab Sepehri, Forough Farrokhzad and Ahmed Shamlou"

Dissertation for obtaining M.A.

Field:

Persian language and literature

Abstract

      In the works of many poets, elements Because "water and fire" and "light and darkness" are more widely used than other phenomena. In popular culture and various sciences, "water and fire" are two elements that can never exist together, and the presence of one will definitely cause the destruction of the other. Therefore, two opposite things, two things that cannot be provided or two things that are impossible together are called "water and fire". Also, "light" is the principle of all good and goodness and "darkness" is its opposite. In classical literature, these elements have always been in conflict with each other. According to the approach of modernism and breaking the structure of Shaarno, the possibility of escaping the framework in the relations and opposition between these elements is raised. The purpose of this research is to investigate the extent of the concept of opposition between these elements and harmony between them in the poems of four modern poets "Nima, Forough, Sohrab, and Shamlou" and to compare how these phenomena are used in examples of the poems of the aforementioned poets. The results of this research show that although in the works of these poets, the mutual relations between these elements often show opposition and dissonance, sometimes they give way to agreement and harmony. In the poems of these poets, the symbolic meanings and relationships between these phenomena have also changed and form a kind of interaction. rtl;">

First chapter (research generalities)

1-1 Introduction

       Language, as the primary means of expression, depends on various factors in society. Each of the social groups use a specific function of language to communicate and express their views and have their own so-called special language. Poetry as a valuable tool can depict the social events that govern a society. For a long time, the deep connection of literary works, especially poetry, with people's culture has been considered as the most effective means of expressing the wishes and beliefs of a nation. The strong history and strong background of poetry in Persian literature makes this role more prominent in Iranian society. Prominent writers and poets of Persian language have a special place in the world of literature due to the use of cognitive aesthetic elements and novel arrays. Using the element of imagination, as the most important tool in shaping the structure of poetry, doubles the influence of Persian poetry.

       With the emergence of Nima style in the field of Persian poetry, the field of stronger presence of symbolism in Persian composition was also provided. With the birth of this style, the use of symbols quickly spread in the works of poets. After the emergence of this style, the language of poetry became closer to natural language. An incident that is considered a turning point in the evolution of Persian poetry. This trend was rooted in European literature. "As far as one of the origins and important sources of Persian social symbolism poetry is considered, the school of European symbolism" (Shamisa, 1380:29) By discovering these secrets, the reader gets to know the different interpretations of phenomena in poetic language while enjoying. In the new style of writing Persian poetry, the use of similes and the use of imagination became more widespread. "The mental capture of the poet in the concept of nature and man and his mental effort to establish the relationship between man and nature is called imagination or image. In all periods and in all languages, the spiritual element of poetry is the same imagination and way of capturing the poet's mind in showing material and spiritual realities. In fact, the main background and structure of the poem is formed by various, varied and boundless forms of this kind of mental capture." (Shafii Kodkani, 1370: 2)

       The poets of this style paid special attention to nature and took advantage of its phenomena in their poems.The bolder presence of nature elements in the new poetry and Nima's deconstructive view of it caused a different attitude of his followers in the use of these elements. By creating a new style in writing poetry, Nima created a huge revolution in Persian poetry. This design is very different from classical poetry in terms of content. Paying attention to concrete facts and natural phenomena, along with an emotional and poetic attitude towards them, is one of the characteristics of this style of writing. New poetry is far from the formal language of classical poetry. The works written in Nimayi style are colorful, symbolic and element-oriented. This means that the presence of colors, including black and white and elements of nature, is one of the main characteristics of the poems of this style. Paying attention to the physical characteristics of the elements and their opposition in the new poetry is very clear and striking. The innovative poets' use of symbols in their poems, a special look at the relationships between them and their deconstructive vision, have created works that make it difficult for the reader to understand the inner thinking that governs them. The elements of "water" and "fire" and "light" and "darkness" are phenomena that have a stronger place in the symbolic view of Shaarno. It is customary to use these elements according to their characteristics in composing poetry. Any time these elements are used in a work, the contrast between them will be taken care of by the composer. But what is meant by deconstruction in the use of these elements is their agreement and harmony with each other.

     In the poems of Nimayi style, the presence of natural landscapes is not only a descriptive aspect, but there is a mutual and internal relationship between the poet's inner feelings and the effects that natural phenomena have on him. The poet's interpretation of natural phenomena is the feedback of his inner feelings from the inherent characteristics of these elements. "The obvious feature of a symbol is its ambiguity, lack of clarity, non-explanation and indirectness, in the sense that in symbolic language, the meaning is not the appearance and form of words, but a concept beyond the appearance and beyond and deeper than that." (Sharifian, 1384:2)

     In the works of modernist poets, the mutual effects between the personal feelings of the poet and the factors of nature are evident in a meaningful way. Nima, Shamlou, Sohrab and Farugh are among the modern poets who have artistically written poetry using symbolism and the elements of nature, especially "water", "fire", "light" and "darkness". rtl;"> Among the compositions of these poets, there are many nature poems with the theme of night, which, along with the metaphorical conflict of "morning and night" or "light and darkness", a different face of the relationship between these elements is shown. This difference and duality of interpretation can also be proposed about "water and fire". "Fire" has the characteristic of burning and destruction, and "water" is in front of it with the nature of life-giving and immortality. Vast imagination and poetic interpretation have been used by Nimai style poets to point out the conflict and agreement between "water and fire", sometimes conflict and contradiction, and sometimes agreement and harmony. What prompted the writer to examine the interpretations of these phenomena in the works of these poets and analyze the mutual relationships between them, is the different view of these famous poets on the presence of elements in their works. The poem shows a different space of the poet's mentalities and imaginations. The ideas that are the result of the poet's mental capture of the concepts around him. 

       In these possessions, the poet uses codes called symbols to express his inner realities, life realities, and mental imaginations. A symbol is actually an index that, in addition to its conventional and obvious meaning, has another and sometimes contradictory meaning. The fact that the poet can display the concept of kindness and forgiveness with a symbol such as the sun or steadfastness and stability with the symbol of a mountain, this The fact that he paints love red and separation yellow increases his ability to attract the emotions of the audience. The use of different interpretations to express events and surrounding facts is one of the most important features of Persian poetry. Symbolism and the use of symbols were not only popular in classical poetry, especially Sufi literature, but were strengthened with the birth of the new style of Persian poetry and despite the emergence of fundamental changes in the way of writing Persian poetry.