The image of aliens in constitutional poetry (Seyd Ashrafuddin Gilani, Bahar and Eshghi)

Master's thesis in the field of Persian language and literature

Abstract

Imagology is one of the sub-disciplines of comparative literature that was formed in France in the 19th century under the influence of thinkers such as Madame Dostal and Hippolyte. In this knowledge, the alien image in literary works is studied. The images of the alien are divided into open and closed images in its general category. What is important in imagery is closed images, what closed images are popularized images. In imagery, some words are key, words such as: here, there, another, etc. . In this knowledge, there are basic concepts, the most important of which are: stereotype, template, prejudice, image, representation, symbol and legend. Literary works are analyzed based on these components.

In this dissertation, the poems of Seyyed Ashrafuddin Gilani, Malkalshaarai Bahar and Mirzadeh Eshghi as poets who were present in the constitutional era and after it are analyzed based on the concepts of imagery.

The results of the research show that in the poems of these three poets, foreigners are divided into two categories, good and bad, generally in Western or European countries (England and Russia), colonialist countries, They have been considered bloodthirsty and usurpers, while countries such as Turkey or Ottoman, Pakistan, India, Azerbaijan and even Japan have been considered positive countries. Although the important political and social topics are ideas imported from the West to Iran, the above poets did not mention the Westerners well, however foreign scientific and cultural personalities such as: Edward Brown, Tagore and Confucius were mentioned well.

The most negative image of foreign countries in the poems of Bahar, Eshki and Nasim North is reserved for England and Russia, and the most positive image is for Eastern and Islamic countries. However, there is a difference in the way of looking at the other among these poets. While Sidashrafuddin uses the best interpretations, for example, for Arabs, he has a love for anti-Arabism and always mentions the historical past of Iran before Islam and the Arab attack on Iran. Malik al-Shaara is a national-religious poet and the most comprehensive images of foreigners are reflected in Bahar's poetry. Keywords: imagery, constitutional literature, Sidashrafuddin Gilani, Malek al-Shaarai Bahar and Mirzadeh Eshghi. Signed by "Muzaffaruddin" Shah, it was the achievement of a political-social movement that had been achieved before, as a result of the awakening of the Iranian society, under the influence of various cultural and social factors. Western literature entered Iran with the constitutional revolution; Because the European nations had more experience in political developments, as a result, the new political and social thoughts of the West entered Iran and the ground was provided for a fundamental change in the form of the country's administration and people's lifestyle; In a way, the constitutional literature can be interpreted as the effort of the Iranian people to establish the rule of law and get rid of the grip of tyranny.

Iran's cultural interaction and confrontation with other countries has caused many influences and influences, and finally, the creation of specific images and patterns in different periods. During the constitutional period, when Iran's relationship with other countries, especially Europeans, increased, the reflection of "other" images in the poetry of poets also increased, and its reflection can be seen in the poetry of contemporary poets. The simplicity, the expression of the poetry of the poets of the constitutional era is derived from the new wave of renewal and transformation that has been achieved as a result of the communication between intellectuals and writers of Iran with other countries, especially the West. With regard to the development of cultural, political, scientific or even military relations with other countries from the constitutional period onwards and especially the colonial influence of countries such as England, Russia, Germany and France in Iran, the image presented of these countries It has been increased in different ways in the poetry of contemporary poets.

In this research, while dealing with some corners of the social and political situation of Iran in the constitutional period, with the approach of imagery or "imagology", the images presented by the poets in the constitutional period (Syed Ashraf al-Din Gilani, Malek al-Shaarai Bahar and Mirzadeh Eshghi) of foreigners are examined.

1-2- Research questions

1- What images did Seyyed Ashrafuddin Gilani, Malik Al-Shaarai Bahar and Mirzadeh Eshghi have of aliens?

2- Are the above poets' image of aliens different from each other?

1-3- Background of the research

1-3-1- Foreign researches

Research on the topic so far The current research has no history among foreign researches, and the foreign researches that are somehow related to this research are mostly in the field of imaging basics that have been used in a conceptual framework and have not directly addressed the subject of the present research. :

Among the articles that are related to the conceptual framework of this research are: the articles of Yves Cherel (2009), Jean Mariecarre (1999), Daniel Pageau (1994), Amousi and Herchbergpierre (1999), who in these articles have discussed the background of imagery and defining the dimensions and conceptual framework of imagery.

1-3-2- Internal researches

1- Namour Mutlat, Bahman (2008), "Introduction to Imagery, Introducing a Literary and Artistic Criticism Method in Comparative Literature", Comparative Studies, Third Year, Issue 12, pp. 119-138.

In this article, the author introduced Imagery in the form of literary and artistic criticism method. While defining iconography, he has examined the opinions of its supporters and opponents. Emphasizing on the image, the author writes that the image maker lives in the world of images created by himself and others rather than living in the external world. What has a central role for the author is the examination of imagery in the field of comparative literature. While presenting the history of imagery, he has pointed out the place of imagery in comparative literature and the types of images in comparative literature. However, in this research, despite stating the general principles of imagery, it does not refer to concrete examples of imagery, which is the aim of the present research.

2- Nanket, Laetitia (1390), "Imagery as a Reading of Contemporary French and Persian Prose Texts", translated by Mezhdeh Zakhi, Comparative Literature, No. 1, pp. 115-100.

In this article, Nanket believes that imagery in To show contemporary French and Persian prose texts. After discussing the concept of "other" which is the basis of the thought of imagery, he has presented the rules of imagery and the stages of its reading in French and Persian texts and has discussed analytical methods such as cliché, image and template in the context of literary examples in French and Iranian literature. He emphasizes that imagery can lead us to a better understanding of the act of othering. Although this article has worked well in explaining the concept of "other", it has not expressed the depictions that contemporary Iranian poets have of foreign countries, which is the purpose of this research.

Falah, Gholam Ali (2013), reflection of the political presence of foreigners in the court of Mohammad Taghi Bahar, Persian Language and Literature, No. 47-49, pp. 179-212.

In this article, the author discusses the views of Mohammad Taghi Bahar It examined important international events including World War I and II, their consequences, the situation of Iran and some Asian and European governments in these wars. Due to the fact that the presentation of the image of foreigners in the poems of three constitutional poets (Syed Ashrafuddin Gilani, Bahar and Eshghi) is the aim of this research, in this article, nothing was said about the type of Iranian image of foreigners based on the conceptual framework of this research.

Falah, Morteza-Jafari, Leila (1387), xenophobia in the poems of Mirzadeh Eshghi, Faculty of Humanities, Semnan University, number 22, p. 111- 130.

The authors of this article have tried to address one of the most important themes of Mirzadeh Eshghi's poems, which is his opposition to foreigners and his fight against the colonialists, especially England. This article, despite its detailed statement about Eshq's reaction to foreigners and his relentless struggle against patriots, has only pointed to the negative aspects of the presence of foreigners, especially England, and has somehow ignored other countries. Seyyed Ashrafuddin Gilani, Eshghi and Bahar, what images of aliens do they have in the form of the conceptual framework presented in the second chapter, and how similar or different are these images.