Evaluation of water losses in the transmission and distribution networks of Noorabad Mamsani and Rostam villages

Dissertation for receiving the degree of Master of Civil Engineering "M.Sc."

Treatment: water

Abstract

In this research, it is attempted to determine the amount and factors affecting the error of the customers' meters in the rural water sector under different conditions by carrying out case studies in a number of villages in the cities of Noorabad and Rostam in Fars province, and finally, based on that, a general pattern is made. The purpose of choosing the best measurement and measurement system should be developed considering the effective conditions. From the results obtained in the rural areas of Noorabad and Rostam, which have almost the same correspondence, it shows that the two regions are very similar in terms of climate, water consumption, the type and life of the meters used, and so on. has It also confirms the relationship between the number of family members and the amount of consumption, the confirmation of the effect of the seal, the date of installation of the meter (the life of the meter), the amount of pressure and the amount of consumption on the amount of error of the meter and the disconfirmation of the hypotheses of the relationship between the depth of installation and the amount of error of the meter and the relationship of vaporization and the amount of error of the meter.

Key words: water wastage, error of the meter, water transmission and distribution network.

Chapter 1

Introduction and Generalities

Introduction

The ever-increasing growth of the population, the increase in urbanization, ecosystem phenomena and the reduction of renewable water resources have all caused the importance of the issue of water and the position of this vital resource to increase day by day, and the managers, officials and related workers pay special attention to the control of its consumption and optimal use. This category is cross-border and global.

The holding of seminars, conferences and international meetings, regional, national and local, are all aimed at creating a culture of information and providing efficient and effective solutions to curb the water shortage crisis, and it makes this important a priority.

Undoubtedly, policies, taking preventive measures and pursuing appropriate solutions for acquiring water and using it optimally with a comprehensive and capable national administration It predicts the future bottlenecks of lack of water and reduces the scope of the crisis. Obviously, the more attention is paid to water and its optimal use, the issue of measurement and measurement of this strategic commodity will have an equally significant position. In order to determine the amount of water losses, it is very important to check the measurement systems of the amount of passing water. Also, considering that the incomes of the companies are completely dependent on the water flow measuring devices (meters), therefore, it is important to know the factors affecting the reduction of the accuracy of the meters and, consequently, the reduction of the incomes and planning to reduce and eliminate the errors, including the problems of executives and managers in the urban, rural, agricultural and industrial water sectors. The economy in water and sewerage companies depends on the income from the sale of branch and water. Therefore, any weakness in the performance of the companies or the equipment used (including the subscribers' meters) in this regard, causes a decrease in the economic indicators and as a result disrupts their performance. Water and sewage companies as economic enterprises should be able to respond to the expectations of the covered society based on their income, which is only possible by focusing on income sources and preventing its waste. Obviously, any company that acts more successfully in this way and has proper control over the sources of income and factors affecting it, has a better chance of success in providing services and as a result, public satisfaction. 

According to the cases presented by the International Water Association, the effective factors in the occurrence of water wastage are defined in two parts: actual and apparent wastage, which are displayed in the standard water balance form.

According to this form, the total loss (Lt) consists of real loss (Lr) and apparent loss (La), each of which is also made up of several components.

(Formulas and images are available in the original file)

(1-1)

Lt = ? Lri + ? Laj

In case of performing executive activities, each of the components Dissipation can be changed by (?L).In other words:

(1-2)

?Lt = ? ?Lri + ? ?Laj

The above formula is a mathematical formula that does not actually express the action and reaction of the relationships in the water supply system regarding wastage. For example, if 5% of the meters are replaced every year, its impact on the amount of non-revenue water may be less than the impact of 95% of the meters that are in use in the system, and as a result, the final figure of wastage obtained from the aforementioned relationship cannot accurately reflect the impact of various factors in the system. Rather, it can only express the overall impact of each numerically.

In all water management methods, it is first emphasized to prepare an overview of the state of balance or hydraulic balance, in which it separates the real and apparent wastage components. This issue is presented in the water balance table presented by the International Water Association in a uniform and integrated manner. The water balance form is only effective in waste management if the required information is correctly and accurately prepared and completed. In this form, in order to determine the real loss, the minimum night flow must be measured. This form pays general attention to the issue of apparent wastage and is practically a form of general information and can be used for general evaluation. With this description and keeping in mind that the focus of water wastage and non-revenue water in general on the two parts of subscribers and consumers and the system of supply, transmission, storage, distribution and consumption that collectively constitutes water supply management has been summarized. Therefore, by accepting that the water supply system works as a system, its components are in constant action and reaction together, and it can be seen that all the components of the system have a role in its creation, and one component cannot be considered without affecting the other components.

In other words, in the issue of non-revenue water and providing implementation solutions for it, all aspects of the activities should be examined and different options should be tested before implementation, and finally based on the best options, Executive activities should be followed.

Therefore, the desired results in reducing and controlling non-revenue water can only be achieved if the whole complex is viewed as a single system and all activities within the system are firstly carried out in a standard and targeted manner and secondly the effect of each factor on the whole system is determined. For this reason, this work is not possible unless comprehensive management is addressed in advance.

Management of water wastage is not dependent on one unit or department in water and sewage companies, but most departments and units are somehow involved in it, each of which has other duties in addition to paying attention to the issue of water wastage. These indoor activities may cause problems in handling water wastage. Therefore, it should be done in such a way that these interferences are minimized. This work is also not possible unless, without interfering with the current process of various functional and operating departments of the company, each department automatically provides the information needed for non-revenue water management by performing its daily activities.

The International Water Association and recently the American Water Research Association have proposed four strategies for managing real and apparent wastage as described in diagrams (1-1) and (1-2).

It is worth noting that, although the solutions presented in the two diagrams are presented separately, but the separation and separation above does not mean that dealing with the issue of apparent wastage can be followed separately from real wastage and vice versa.

For example, pressure and hydraulic flow management is a direct function of consumption, so if the subscribers and consumption are not properly known and the reading information processing and consumption analysis are not done properly If it is not accepted, one cannot expect optimal management in the hydraulics of the water distribution system (pressure and flow). Speeding up and improving the quality of repairs and solving accidents and incidents depends a lot on the information related to the distribution network and branches, therefore, in the absence of an efficient management system in the subscriber sector, it is practically impossible to achieve the desired speed and quality. Therefore, achieving the desired results in each sector depends on the existence of comprehensive management and appropriate information communication between functional components in controlling and reducing non-revenue water. Therefore, the lack of recognition of these management and information relationships will cause weakness in drawing conclusions from the activities that are carried out.